Rehabilitation of a lowland river: Reconciling flood defence with habitat diversity and geomorphological sustainability

Geomorphologically appropriate rehabilitation measures were proposed to enhance the in-stream environment of the lowland River Idle, north Nottinghamshire, UK. However, the River Idle has multi-functional management requirements including those of flood defence so environmental enhancement must be pursued without significantly increasing the flood risk. Hydraulic testing of rehabilitation proposals is complicated because of the stringent assumptions about flow and morphology in ‘traditional’ hydraulic models. While new generation two- and three-dimension hydraulic models may overcome some of these problems, they are extremely data intensive, require advanced modelling capabilities and are, therefore, very expensive to apply. Also, they do not yet predict morphology-flow interactions adequately. As an alternative, several simple hydraulic models were applied to test the rehabilitation proposals, based on a fitness-for-purpose criterion.BENDFLOW was applied to fine tune the optimal siting of measures and to estimate the additional near-bank scour generated by proposed bend re-profiling. HMODEL2 and the FCFA method were used to test the impact on local channel conveyance capacities and HECRAS was applied to simulate the impact of the proposals on regional flood defence. Indicative results from the testing suggested a maximum increase in near-bank scour of 0·15 m in re-profiled bends, a loss of approximately 10% in flood conveyance locally due to deflector installation or reed and tree planting, and a 0·12 m increase in flood stage within the reach for a 15 year flood. The modelling results were acceptable to the management authority as an indication of an acceptable compromise between flood defence and conservation interests, and construction of the measures followed in 1996. It is clearly that it will require the results of post-project monitoring to indicate whether compromises made to the rehabilitation initiatives in order to satisfy flood defence requirements have unduly reduced their environmental enhancement potential but, for assessing the proposed methods, the models are recommended for use other lowland river environments.     

基于随机模拟的地下水污染物最优水力截获量

水力截获技术是净化或抑制地下水污染最为广泛使用的一种方法，而该技术实施过程中，如何确定最优水力截获量是其需要重点解决的关键问题.本文针对传统确定性方法计算最优水力截获量不合理的问题，从水文地质参数的随机性出发，应用基于随机理论的蒙特卡罗方法，通过实例来研究渗透系数的空间变异性对地下水污染物水力截获系统的影响，并寻求估算最优水力截获量的新方法.通过研究表明：基于确定性方法计算出最优水力截获量为110m³/d时恰好能完全截获污染区的污染物；应用随机模拟研究含水层渗透系数的空间变异性对水力截获系统的影响，发现当以传统确定性方法所计算的最优水力截获量（110m³/d）抽水时，并不能总是完全截获地下水污染物，其面临的稳定平均风险率高达24%；充分考虑了含水层渗透系数空间变异的Monte Carlo方法较以往传统确定性方法更为可靠，为此本文提出利用随机方法从截获系统可接受风险角度确定最优截获量的新思路.     

油田井场废水配制压裂液处理技术实验研究

针对油田井场废水高悬浮物、高色度、高金属离子浓度的特征,以处理后配制压裂液为目标,通过p H值调节及无机高分子絮凝法对井场废水进行了处理实验。结果表明,碳酸钠作为优选的p H值调节剂,可以在较低的p H值条件下有效去除废水中的高价金属离子;无机絮凝剂聚合硫酸铁在强碱性条件下对于悬浮物、色度的去除效果明显优于聚合氯化铝。聚合硫酸铁絮凝法可以使井场废水达到配制压裂液用水的要求。     

页岩气压裂作业人因失误结构化辨识方法研究

为提高页岩气压裂作业人因失误辨识结果的全面性和针对性,建立一种结构化的人因失误辨识方法。通过概括辨识阶段的作业流程,建立作业人员行为模型,概述作业人员的行为阶段。利用筛选出的引导词辨识行为阶段人因失误。将该方法应用于页岩气压裂过程的替液阶段。结果表明,用引导词能明确辨识方向,减少头脑风暴时间以及对专家知识的依赖;辨识过程的动态调整能改善认知可靠性,使更多人因失误模式(与传统CREAM方法相比)被辨识出来。     

基于神经网络分类器的城市污水处理厂水力冲击预警系统

提出了一套基于神经网络分类器的城市污水处理厂水力负荷冲击预警系统,以期对进水水量骤增现象进行提前1天的预报,使污水处理厂可根据预报结果提前采取水力冲击防护措施,从而保证各单元的平稳运行.根据进水水量的涨幅将某污水处理厂12年日进水水量监测数据分为"常规"和"冲击"两类,重点对"冲击"数据进行提前1天的预测,并采用冲击漏报率、冲击误报率和报准率对模型的预测精度进行评价;同时,基于同样的建模方法和不同的训练、验证样本建立了N(1)、N(2)和N(3)3个平行模型,以对模型的鲁棒性和建模方法的可重复性进行考察.结果显示,3个模型对2010年、2011年和2012年3年测试样本的预测效果良好,冲击漏报率和报准率两项指标数值均较为稳定,分别在0~0.167和0.981~0.995之间浮动,冲击误报率虽然在数值上的浮动较大,最低为0.143,最高为0.500,平均为0.310,但仍在工程上的可承受范围内.该结果表明,本研究基于神经网络分类器所建立的3个神经网络模型预测精度高、鲁棒性好,显示出良好的性能,有望为污水处理厂水力冲击防护工作提供有力参考.     

雅砻江锦屏二级水电站减水河段生态需水量研究

针对雅砻江锦屏二级水电站减水河段面临的水生生物生态需水问题,提出了计算河道最小生态基流量的生态水力学法,考虑了水力生境参数的全河段变化情况,计算结果避免了单凭最低值进行判断所造成的判断失误。确定了锦屏二级水电站减水河段鱼类对流速、水深、水面宽等水力生境的需求。通过河道水力模拟,得出为满足减水河段鱼类的生存及繁衍,必须保证枯水季节猫猫滩闸址下泄45 m3/s流量,在该流量下,锦屏二级水电站减水河段中95%左右河段水力因子可满足研究中提出的河道内鱼类的生存条件;水温的变化不会影响河道内鱼类产卵;鱼类适应的缓流水、急流水、浅滩、深潭等水力形态的位置虽然发生变化,但数量保持不变。     

pH-dependent leaching behaviour and other performance properties of cement-treated mixed contaminated soil

Portland cement has been widely used for stabilisation/solidification (S/S) treatment of contaminated soils. However, there is a dearth of literature on pH-dependent leaching of contaminants from cement-treated soils. This study investigates the leachability of Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from a mixed contaminated soil. A sandy soil was spiked with 3000 mg/kg each of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, and 10,000 mg/kg of diesel, and treated with ordinary Portland cement (CEM I). Four different binder dosages, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (m/m) and different water contents ranging from 13%-19% dry weight were used in order to find a safe operating envelope for the treatment process. The pH-dependent leaching behaviour of the treated soil was monitored over an 84-day period using a 3-point acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) test. The monolithic leaching test was also conducted. Geotechnical properties such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity and porosity were assessed over time. The treated soils recorded lower leachate concentrations of Ni and Zn compared to the untreated soil at the same pH depending on binder dosage. The binder had problems with Pb stabilisation and TPH leachability was independent of pH and binder dosage. The hydraulic conductivity of the mixes was generally of the order, 10^-8 m/sec, while the porosity ranged from 26%-44%. The results of selected performance properties are compared with regulatory limits and the range of operating variables that lead to acceptable performance described.     

ANAMMOX富集与优化停曝比对MBR-SNAD工艺的影响

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）研究了厌氧氨氧化细菌在富集过程中的活性变化,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中以恒定曝气量,通过优化停曝比实现氨氧化细菌（AerAOB）和厌氧氨氧化细菌（AnAOB）协同脱氮并且有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的活性,然后添加有机物（乙酸钠）逐步启动同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化（SNAD）工艺.结果表明,在厌氧氨氧化细菌富集过程中,通过不断缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高进水氮负荷的方式强化厌氧氨氧化细菌活性,其平均活性由0.603mgN/（h·gVSS）提高到了8.1mgN/（h·gVSS）;当恒定曝气量为50mL/min,停曝比为4：10（min：min）时,AerAOB和AnAOB对氨氮的去除量分别占总氨氮去除量的58.8%和41.2%,NOB氧化亚硝态氮的量占总硝态氮生成量的15.3%,成功抑制了NOB的活性;当C/N比为0.5,调整停曝比为4：15后,反硝化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的20.9%,厌氧氨氧化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的79.1%,实现了AerAOB、AnAOB和反硝化细菌（DNB）协同脱氮的目的.     

蓄水、调水、发电，扼制生态环境恶化

蓄水是根本，调水是手段，发电是关键。植树造林和拦河筑坝建设水库电站以及沟渠塘蓄水，可以防止水土流失和水能浪费；调水可以解决横向和纵向水资源分布不平衡带来的问题；发电可以解决调水所需动力和全国缺电的问题。其经济效益约合２０００亿元，而且还能扼制生态环境的恶化，减少每年４６．６×１０４ｈｍ２土地的损失，缓解荆江大堤和黄河下游大堤越筑越高之危。     

Modelling the migration of contaminants through variably saturated dual-porosity, dual-permeability chalk

In the Hesbaye region in Belgium, tracer tests performed in variably saturated fissured chalk rocks presented very contrasting results in terms of transit times, according to artificially controlled water recharge conditions prevailing during the experiments. Under intense recharge conditions, tracers migrated across the partially or fully saturated fissure network, at high velocity in accordance with the high hydraulic conductivity and low effective porosity (fracture porosity). At the same time, a portion of the tracer was temporarily retarded in the almost immobile water located in the matrix. Under natural infiltration conditions, the fissure network remained inactive. Tracers migrated downward through the matrix, at low velocity in relation with the low hydraulic conductivity and the large porosity of the matrix. Based on these observations, Brouyère et al. (2004a) [Brouyère, S., Dassargues, A., Hallet, V., 2004a. Migration of contaminants through the unsaturated zone overlying the Hesbaye chalky aquifer in Belgium: a field investigation, J. Contam. Hydrol., 72 (1-4), 135-164, doi: 10.1016/j.conhyd.2003.10.009] proposed a conceptual model in order to explain the migration of solutes in variably saturated, dual-porosity, dual-permeability chalk. Here, mathematical and numerical modelling of tracer and contaminant migration in variably saturated fissured chalk is presented, considering the aforementioned conceptual model. A new mathematical formulation is proposed to represent the unsaturated properties of the fissured chalk in a more dynamic and appropriate way. At the same time, the rock water content is partitioned between mobile and immobile water phases, as a function of the water saturation of the chalk rock. The groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the variably saturated chalk is solved using the control volume finite element method. Modelling the field tracer experiments performed in the variably saturated chalk shows the adequacy and usefulness of the new conceptual, mathematical and numerical model.