不同施肥模式对热区晚稻水田CH4和N2O排放的影响

由于农田温室气体排放的原位观测主要集中于温带和亚热带地区,热带地区农田土壤温室气体的排放往往被忽视.研究不同施肥模式下海南稻田温室气体排放特征对于准确评估我国农田土壤CH_4和N_2O排放及制定相应的减排措施有重要意义.本研究设置5个处理:空白对照(CK)、常规施肥(CON)、优化施肥(YH)、优化施肥与缓控释肥配施(ZYH1)、优化施肥、缓控释肥和有机肥三者配施(ZYH2),采用静态箱-气相色谱法,通过田间小区试验研究晚稻生长季CH_4和N_2O排放动态特征,并估算全球增温潜势(GWP)以及温室气体排放强度(GHGI).结果表明,CK、CON、YH、ZYH1和ZYH2处理的CH_4晚稻生长季累计排放量分别为175. 70、60. 30、63. 00、62. 80和56. 60 kg·hm~(-2),相应处理的N2O晚稻生长季累积排放量分别为0. 78、3. 40、1. 03、1. 44和0. 44 kg·hm~(-2). ZYH2的产量较CK、CON、YH和ZYH1分别提高了29. 69%、11. 81%、6. 74%和10. 36%,GWP较CK、CON、YH和ZYH1分别降低了64. 80%、43. 23%、12. 93%和15. 15%,同时,GHGI分别降低了76. 49%、52. 52%、20. 54%和23. 87%.相关分析结果表明:土壤温度和Eh是驱动CH_4排放变化的主要因素.综合产量及温室气体减排效果而言,优化施肥+羊粪有机肥+缓控释肥处理(ZYH2)是当地值得推广的减肥模式.     

Effects of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and recurring perturbations on ecosystem resilience and collapse

Insights into declines in ecosystem resilience and their causes and effects can inform preemptive action to avoid ecosystem collapse and loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Empirical studies of ecosystem collapse are rare and hampered by ecosystem complexity, nonlinear and lagged responses, and interactions across scales. We investigated how an anthropogenic stressor could diminish ecosystem resilience to a recurring perturbation by altering a critical ecosystem driver. We studied groundwater-dependent, peat-accumulating, fire-prone wetlands known as upland swamps in southeastern Australia. We hypothesized that underground mining (stressor) reduces resilience of these wetlands to landscape fires (perturbation) by diminishing groundwater, a key ecosystem driver. We monitored soil moisture as an indicator of ecosystem resilience during and after underground mining. After landscape fire, we compared responses of multiple state variables representing ecosystem structure, composition, and function in swamps within the mining footprint with unmined reference swamps. Soil moisture declined without recovery in swamps with mine subsidence (i.e., undermined), but was maintained in reference swamps over 8 years (effect size 1.8). Relative to burned reference swamps, burned undermined swamps showed greater loss of peat via substrate combustion; reduced cover, height, and biomass of regenerating vegetation; reduced postfire plant species richness and abundance; altered plant species composition; increased mortality rates of woody plants; reduced postfire seedling recruitment; and extirpation of a hydrophilic animal. Undermined swamps therefore showed strong symptoms of postfire ecosystem collapse, whereas reference swamps regenerated vigorously. We found that an anthropogenic stressor diminished the resilience of an ecosystem to recurring perturbations, predisposing it to collapse. Avoidance of ecosystem collapse hinges on early diagnosis of mechanisms and preventative risk reduction. It may be possible to delay or ameliorate symptoms of collapse or to restore resilience, but the latter appears unlikely in our study system due to fundamental alteration of a critical ecosystem driver. Efectos de las interacciones entre los estresantes antropogénicos y las perturbaciones recurrentes sobre la resiliencia y el colapso de los ecosistemas     

模拟烟气条件下野生混合微藻的培养

开发利用生物质能是解决能源紧张和一系列全球环境问题的有效途径之一.微藻是一种具有发展前途的新型生物质能原料,利用烟气培养微藻不仅为生物质能的开发提供了新的途径,而且能够直接削减烟气CO₂的排放,对于减缓全球气候变化具有积极意义.以野生混合微藻为对象,利用模拟烟气在柱状光生物反应器内培养微藻,通过180 d的培养,考察光照条件和CO₂对微藻生长的影响及光照条件对细胞粗脂肪含量的影响.结果表明:驯化后的混合微藻对CO₂具有生理敏感性,烟气中的CO₂可以明显提高其生长速率;全天光照可提高微藻生长速率,并有利于生长速率和微藻生物量的稳定;在微藻生物量和光合有效辐射日总量一定的条件下,全天24 h光照比12 h∶12 h更有利于细胞粗脂肪的积累.      

A Hierarchical Bayesian model of wildfire in a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot: Implications of weather variability and global circulation

In this study we combined an extensive database of observed wildfires with high-resolution meteorological data to build a novel spatially and temporally varying survival model to analyze fire regimes in the Mediterranean ecosystem in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa during the period 1980-2000. The model revealed an important influence of seasonally anomalous weather on fire probability, with increased probability of fire in seasons that are warmer and drier than average. In addition to these local-scale influences, the Antarctic Ocean Oscillation (AAO) was identified as an important large-scale influence or teleconnection to global circulation patterns. Fire probability increased in seasons during positive AAO phases, when the subtropical jet moves northward and low level moisture transport decreases. These results confirm that fire occurrence in the CFR is strongly affected by climatic variability at both local and global scales, and thus likely to respond sensitively to future climate change. Comparison of the modelled fire probability between two periods (1951-1975 and 1976-2000) revealed a 4-year decrease in an average fire return time. If, as currently forecasted, climate change in the region continues to produce higher temperatures, more frequent heat waves, and/or lower rainfall, our model thus indicates that fire frequency is likely to increase substantially. The regional implications of shorter fire return times include shifting community structure and composition, favoring species that tolerate more frequent fires.     

基于变异性范围法（RVA）的河流生态流量估算

河流生态系统的生物组成、结构和功能依赖于河流水流的天然动态变化特征,即河流水文情势。变异性范围法（Range of Variability Approach,RAV）被广泛应用于评估河流生态系统是否得到维护。将RVA法的思路扩展到生态流量的计算,提出了一种简便、立足整体河流水文情势的生态流量估算方法。该方法使用均值与RVA阈值差计算了生态流量值,为维持河流健康生态系统提供支持。将该方法应用于南水北调西线一期工程中泥曲河的生态流量估算,得到引水坝址仁达处年可调径流量为6.44亿m3,与其他生态需水估算方法的结论基本一致。另提出了可支配系数反映河流流量可调用状况。南水北调西线一期工程计划从泥曲调水8亿m3·a-1,从RVA法的理念来看,该方案对仁达至朱巴河段的生态系统将构成威胁,需谨慎实施。     

Species, functional groups, and thresholds in ecological resilience

The cross-scale resilience model states that ecological resilience is generated in part from the distribution of functions within and across scales in a system. Resilience is a measure of a system's ability to remain organized around a particular set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures, known as a regime. We define scale as the geographic extent over which a process operates and the frequency with which a process occurs. Species can be categorized into functional groups that are a link between ecosystem processes and structures and ecological resilience. We applied the cross-scale resilience model to avian species in a grassland ecosystem. A species' morphology is shaped in part by its interaction with ecological structure and pattern, so animal body mass reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of resources. We used the log-transformed rank-ordered body masses of breeding birds associated with grasslands to identify aggregations and discontinuities in the distribution of those body masses. We assessed cross-scale resilience on the basis of 3 metrics: overall number of functional groups, number of functional groups within an aggregation, and the redundancy of functional groups across aggregations. We assessed how the loss of threatened species would affect cross-scale resilience by removing threatened species from the data set and recalculating values of the 3 metrics. We also determined whether more function was retained than expected after the loss of threatened species by comparing observed loss with simulated random loss in a Monte Carlo process. The observed distribution of function compared with the random simulated loss of function indicated that more functionality in the observed data set was retained than expected. On the basis of our results, we believe an ecosystem with a full complement of species can sustain considerable species losses without affecting the distribution of functions within and across aggregations, although ecological resilience is reduced. We propose that the mechanisms responsible for shaping discontinuous distributions of body mass and the nonrandom distribution of functions may also shape species losses such that local extinctions will be nonrandom with respect to the retention and distribution of functions and that the distribution of function within and across aggregations will be conserved despite extinctions.     

光照度对水华鱼腥藻细胞比重与藻丝长度的影响研究

为深入探索可获得光资源量(light availability)与水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)浮沉关键因子——细胞比重、藻丝长度,以及水华鱼腥藻沉降损失的关系,开展了纯培养试验.在温度(25±1)℃,光照度分别为100,500,1000,3000,5000lx的条件下,培养时间35d,结果显示:在1~10d内鱼腥藻细胞比重随光照度增大而增大,在10d左右达到最大值,随后各光照组下鱼腥藻细胞比重较稳定且相差不大;光照越强,水华鱼腥藻的藻丝越短,其变化趋势是先增大到最大值再减小;光照越强,水华鱼腥藻的藻丝长度越快增大到最大值;实验结束时高光照度下水华鱼腥藻沉降损失比率较小,均低于10%,低光照下水华鱼腥藻沉降性能较好,最高可达到57.3%.实验结果表明:可获得光资源量下降直接影响鱼腥藻比重和藻丝长度并进一步导致鱼腥藻的沉降损失比率增大,这为持续型垂直混合导致蓝藻消亡的原因提供了新解释.     

九龙江流域河流氮输出对土地利用模式和水文状况的响应

流域土地利用模式与水文状况影响河流氮的来源、迁移转化和输出,关乎流域健康与淡水生态系统服务的供给.本研究基于2010~2017年观测数据,采用流域模型、地理信息技术和数理统计等方法从多时空尺度探究亚热带中尺度近海流域——九龙江流域河流氮输出对流域土地利用模式和水文状况的响应机制.结果表明,NO₃^--N是九龙江流域河流水体主要的无机氮形态;农业和城市流域河流水体的氮浓度、输出负荷及其年际与季节变异性高于自然流域;丰水年各类流域河流水体的氮浓度和输出负荷差异总体上高于枯水年;相比水文状况,土地利用与氮年均浓度和输出负荷的正相关性更显著.总体而言,河流氮输出时空变化特征受流域土地利用模式和水文状况的共同作用.     

Adaptive Management of Flows in the Lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, USA

The lower Roanoke River in North Carolina, USA, has been regulated by a series of dams since the 1950s. This river and its floodplain have been identified by The Nature Conservancy, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the State of North Carolina as critical resources for the conservation of bottomland hardwoods and other riparian and in-stream biota and communities. Upstream dams are causing extended floods in the growing season for bottomland hardwood forests, threatening their survival. A coalition of stakeholders including public agencies and private organizations is cooperating with the dam managers to establish an active adaptive management program to reduce the negative impacts of flow regulation, especially extended growing season inundation, on these conservation targets. We introduce the lower Roanoke River, describe the regulatory context for negotiating towards an active adaptive management program, present our conservation objective for bottomland hardwoods, and describe investigations in which we successfully employed a series of models to develop testable management hypotheses. We propose adaptive management strategies that we believe will enable the bottomland hardwoods to regenerate and support their associated biota and that are reasonable, flexible, and economically sustainable.