中国农地流转与农民收入的时空耦合关系及空间效应

基于中国省域2003—2018年面板数据,通过构建耦合协调发展模型,分析农地流转与农民收入耦合协调发展时空演变特征,并运用空间杜宾模型剖析农地流转对不同类型农民收入的空间效应。结果表明：（1）在时间维度上,农地流转与农民收入的耦合协调发展程度趋于优化,但农地流转一直以滞后于农业收入为主,农地流转由同步于非农收入转为超前于非农收入。（2）在空间维度上,农地流转与不同类型农民收入的耦合协调发展程度在不同省区之间差异明显。（3）农地流转显著促进了本地区农业收入与非农收入的提高,且农地流转对农民人均收入产生直接效应与溢出效应;虽然户均农地规模增加并没有显著提高非农收入,但农地的规模经济使得户均农地规模增加,显著促进了农业收入提高。     

Natural resource use,income and dependence among San and Mier communities bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park,southern Kalahari,South Africa

Contemporary strategies for natural resource management espouse the need to integrate local people and their livelihood needs into biodiversity conservation projects to achieve sustainable ‘development and ecological integrity’. Valuation of natural resource use provides empirical evidence and conceptual arguments of local people's dependence on these resources, which could be factored into biodiversity conservation planning. Based on household surveys and key informant interviews, this study looked at the contribution of dryland natural resources to the livelihoods of two culturally different but neighbouring communities, the San and Mier, bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa. Overall, natural resources represented an important livelihood source for the San, contributing on an average 32% of total annual income, compared to 9% for the Mier. Fuelwood was the predominant contributor to natural resource incomes in both cases. Income quintile analysis showed that dependence on natural resources decreased moving to higher income groups for Mier households, but increased with income for San households. Well-off households still derived higher total income from natural resources; often from the more lucrative sources of such income, notably from fuelwood sales. Contextual factors such as culture and social institutions, among others, influenced access to, and consequently the use of, particular resources and the value of these to households. Sustainable natural resource management interventions should consider these disparities in patterns of natural resource dependence among different income groups.     

土地发展权视角下东北粮食主产区农村宅基地退出补偿及增值收益分配研究

实现公平补偿、增值收益合理分配是推进农村宅基地顺利退出的关键。论文以土地发展权为视角,采用模型测算方法,从宅基地复垦为耕地产生机会成本损失和置换新增建设用地指标产生增值收益两个方面,构建宅基地退出补偿及增值收益分配理论模型,并以东北粮食主产区——哈尔滨市为研究区进行实证模拟。结果表明：1）城乡建设用地增减挂钩背景下,退出的宅基地整理复垦为耕地,产生的机会成本损失补偿给农户和村集体,空间置换的新增建设用地产生的增值收益来自政府和开发商的资本投入,政府和开发商有权分享其土地增值收益;2）研究区农户、村集体、政府和开发商应获得宅基地退出补偿及增值收益分配比例分别为41.5%、6.5%、27.1%、24.9%;3）基于土地发展权的宅基地退出补偿及增值收益分配,不仅兼顾了效率和公平,也符合通过政府调控手段和市场调节机制相结合的方式对宅基地有偿退出制度改革的方向。     

RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND IN METRO MANILA1

ABSTRACT: An econometric demand function is estimated for residential water use in Metropolitan Manila. Regression results using annual time series data from 1970 to 1981 show that residential water consumption responds to changes in economic variables. Residential demand showed an income (household) elasticity of 0.542 and a combined price elasticity of -0.287. Implications for planning and management are discussed.     

Social features of energy production and use in Brazil: Goals for a sustainable energy future

This paper focuses on the social features of ene rgy production and use in Brazil and discusses the role of the energy policy goals of accessibility, affordability and acceptability in defining a sustainable energy future for the country. The major findings are that social inequalities in Brazil regarding energy use continue to be substantial and important. This can be explained by the fact that, although recent decades have seen significant improvements in energy accessibility all over the country, much more needs to be done to provide affordable, and socially acceptable modern energy carriers to all socio‐economic groups in all regions.     

人力资本积累、企业创新与中等收入陷阱

中国经济长期向好的基本面虽未改变,但2010年以来经济增速不断回落,一些阻碍经济可持续发展的不利因素不断积累,落入"中等收入陷阱"的风险有所上升。揭示中等收入陷阱的产生机制,显然对于政府形成规避中等收入陷阱的有效政策具有重要意义。本文根据社会再生产理论,建立了"世代交叠"模型,对中等收入陷阱的产生机制作出理论解释,并运用中国1998—2014年各地区经济数据进行了验证,结果表明:(1)人力资本积累和企业创新会在不同程度上促进经济增长,并且二者存在协同效应;(2)上中等层次人力资本积累与企业创新的协同效应可以带动经济增长;(3)下中等层次人力资本与企业创新的协同效应对经济增长的作用不显著。这意味着现阶段中国经济发展不仅应注重人力资本量的积累,更要保证质的提升。基于此,应从下三个方面着手推动中国经济实现中高速增长:(1)着力提升科技创新能力,科学构建产权保护法律体系,促进形成企业家倡导企业科研创新的机制,激发企业创新的主观能动性,维护创新企业对于运用和转让科研成果的合法权益;(2)着力培育高素质人才的教育体系,稳步提升高等教育入学率和办学质量,鼓励教育培训机构适度创新,推动培训方式项目化,针对岗位需求扩充劳动者知识和技术储备;(3)着力降低初中及以下人口的规模与比例,延长义务教育年限,鼓励优质教育资源向不发达地区适度转移,关注偏远地区贫困人群的入学情况,努力为穷人提供公平发展的机会。     

Promoting system-level learning from project-level lessons: An analysis of donor-driven ‘indirect’ learning about EIA systems in Ghana and the Maldives

A growing number of low and middle income nations (LMCs) have adopted some sort of system for environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, generally many of these EIA systems are characterised by a low performance in terms of timely information dissemination, monitoring and enforcement after licencing. Donor actors (such as the World Bank) have attempted to contribute to a higher performance of EIA systems in LMCs by intervening at two levels: the project level (e.g. by providing scoping advice or EIS quality review) and the system level (e.g. by advising on EIA legislation or by capacity building). The aims of these interventions are environmental protection in concrete cases and enforcing the institutionalisation of environmental protection, respectively. Learning by actors involved is an important condition for realising these aims. A relatively underexplored form of learning concerns learning at EIA system-level via project level donor interventions. This ‘indirect’ learning potentially results in system changes that better fit the specific context(s) and hence contribute to higher performances. Our exploratory research in Ghana and the Maldives shows that thus far, ‘indirect’ learning only occurs incidentally and that donors play a modest role in promoting it. Barriers to indirect learning are related to the institutional context rather than to individual characteristics. Moreover, ‘indirect’ learning seems to flourish best in large projects where donors achieved a position of influence that they can use to evoke reflection upon system malfunctions. In order to enhance learning at all levels donors should thereby present the outcomes of the intervention elaborately (i.e. discuss the outcomes with a large audience), include practical suggestions about post-EIS activities such as monitoring procedures and enforcement options and stimulate the use of their advisory reports to generate organisational memory and ensure a better information dissemination.     

The Economic Effect of Mineral Resources Exploitation in Bijie Prefecture in Guizhou

The exploitation of mineral resources plays an important role in promoting national economic development. Mining is an essential component of China＇s industrial economy. Using grey correlation method to analyze the correlative effect of mineral resources exploitation to relevant industries, using national income method to calculate the pulling effect of mineral resources exploitation to economic growth and using graphs as well as tables to analyze the income distribution effect, the article obtains active economic effect of mineral resources development in Bijie, Guizhou. Moreover, from the view of resources-cored effect, the article analyzes negative effects such as single industrial structure brought by mineral resource development. Through analysis, we find that mineral resources exploitation to some extent brings active effects including gross domestic product growth, local financial revenue growth and relevant industries development; however, its negative effects should not be ignored. The negative effect can be lightened by diversifying industrial structure and prolonging industrial chain.     

草原生态补偿:生态绩效、收入影响和政策满意度

草原生态保护补助奖励机制的第一轮实施期(2011-2015)即将结束,系统地评估草原生态保护补助奖励机制,对于完善下一期补助奖励机制具有重要的借鉴意义。本文利用2014年内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗、四子王旗、陈巴尔虎旗三个旗县的470户牧户样本数据,从生态绩效、收入影响、政策满意度三个方面对草原生态补偿政策(即草原生态保护补助奖励机制)进行了评估。生态绩效评估结果表明:草原生态环境得到了一定的改善,草原利用方式更趋合理,平均牲畜超载率下降明显,但超载过牧的现状没有得到根本的转变,样本调研旗县2011-2014年减畜任务达成比例为42%,总体减畜任务达成情况一般。收入影响评估结果表明:平均每户理论收入影响为-8 607元,草原生态补偿标准偏低,需要在原有基础上提高35%;平均每户的实际收入影响为16 686元,牧民没有严格按照政策要求进行完全的减畜;草原生态补偿标准不只是单纯标准偏低的问题,同时也有标准差别化问题,需要在不同地区之间做出调整。政策满意度评估结果表明:草原生态补偿政策的满意度为57%,其中陈巴尔虎旗的政策满意度最高,为87%;四子王旗其次,为62-63%;阿拉善左旗最低,为18-32%。政策满意度与实际收入影响之间存在显著的相关关系,实际收入影响正向越大,政策满意度越高。牧民对草原生态补偿政策的政策满意度越高,并不意味着草原生态补偿的政策设计和执行就越好,政策满意度越高,实际收入影响正向越大,但生态效果可能不佳。     

中等收入阶层幸福感测度及影响因素研究

基于2014年中国质量观测调查的数据,实证测度了转型时期中国中等收入阶层的幸福感,并运用统计描述、相关性分析以及结构方程模型等方法,从财富拥有、社会福利与个体能力三个维度分析了幸福感的影响因素与作用机制。研究结果表明:1中等收入阶层幸福感女性高于男性,农村人群高于城市人群,已婚人士高于未婚人士,在不同的年龄阶段、教育程度、职业类型以及家庭结构中,幸福感呈现明显差异;2个人目标实现能力、社会公平与物价稳定是影响中等收入阶层幸福感最为显著的因素,而家庭消费、消费环境以及社会治安是相对不显著的影响因素;3财富拥有、社会福利会以及个体能力三个维度的因素均与幸福感显著正相关,其中个体能力维度对幸福感的正向作用最大;个体能力除了直接正向作用于幸福感之外,还会通过正向地影响财富拥有及社会福利来间接作用幸福感。因此,当前中国中等收入阶层幸福感的关键影响因素在于个体能力维度。进一步优化经济社会发展结构与环境,为中产阶层个体能力展现提供公平畅通的渠道,是转型时期提升中等收入阶层幸福感的首要之义。