曝气人工湿地脱除低污染水中氮的影响因素

低污染水由于排放量大、来源范围广,成为地表水体中氮的重要贡献者.为探究人工湿地对低污染水脱氮时的影响因素,构建曝气人工湿地,分析其在不同运行工况下对低污染水中不同形态氮的去除效果.结果表明,低污染水中TN和N03--N去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)、碳氮比(C/N)和温度显著正相关(r＞0.65,P＜0.01),与溶解氧(DO)极显著负相关(r＜-0.85,P＜0.01);NH4+-N去除率与各因素之间相关性不显著(P＞0.05).曝气量和HRT的改变,可以调节湿地内DO环境,为湿地内营造交替好-缺氧环境,利于硝化与反硝化过程.在曝气量为0.2 L-min-1、HRT为1 d时,曝气人工湿地对低污染水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N去除率分别可达90.15％、98.25％和86.22％,实现了 TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N同步高效去除.C/N和温度是影响TN和NO3--N去除效果的重要因子.随C/N增加,TN和NO3--N去除率明显提升;在进水C/N为5时,TN和NO3--N去除率达到最高,分别为68.49％和50.48％,其中TN去除率较无碳源时提高了 37.43％.此外,温度从8～12℃升高至28～321℃时,曝气CW脱氮速率逐步增大.相较于低温(8～12℃),在高温(28～32℃)时CW对TN和N03--N去除率分别提高了 29.37％和50.24％;而NH4+-N去除率受C/N和温度影响不大.     

Enhancing the efficiency of nitrogen removing bacterial population to a wide range of C:N ratio (1.5:1 to 14:1) for simultaneous C & N removal

• Simultaneous C & N removal in Methammox occurs at wide C:N ratio. • Biological Nitrogen Removal at wide C:N ratio of 1.5:1 to 14:1 is not reported. • Ammonia removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy at high C:N ratio. • Acetogenic population compensated for ammonia oxidizers at high C:N ratio. • Methanogens increase the plasticity of nitrogen removers at high C:N ratio. High C:N ratio in the wastewater limits biological nitrogen removal (BNR), especially in anammox based technologies. The present study attempts to improve the COD tolerance of the BNR process by associating methanogens with nitrogen removing bacterial (NRB) populations. The new microbial system coined as ‘Methammox’, was investigated for simultaneous removal of COD (C) and ammonia (N) at C:N ratio 1.5:1 to 14:1. The ammonia removal rate (11.5 mg N/g VSS/d) and the COD removal rates (70.6 mg O/g VSS/d) of Methammox was close to that of the NRB (11.1 mg N/g VSS/d) and the methanogenic populations (77.9 mg O/g VSS/d), respectively. The activities established that these two populations existed simultaneously and independently in ‘Methammox’. Further studies in biofilm reactor fetched a balanced COD and ammonia removal (55%–60%) at a low C:N ratio (≤2:1) and high C:N ratio (≥9:1). The population abundance of methanogens was reasonably constant, but the nitrogen removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy as the C:N ratio shifted from low (C:N≤2:1) to high (C:N≥9:1). The reduced autotrophic NRB (ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox) population at a high C:N ratio was compensated by the fermentative group that could carry out denitrification heterotrophically. The functional plasticity of the Methammox system to adjust to a broad C:N ratio opens new frontiers in biological nitrogen removal of high COD containing wastewaters.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIATION OF LUNISOLAR TIDAL FORCE AND EARTHQUAKES IN TAI WAN

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Intrageneric differences in the four stereoisomers of stenusine in the rove beetle genus, Stenus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

Most species of the rove beetle genus Stenus employ the spreading alkaloid stenusine as an escape mechanism on water surfaces. In the case of danger, they emit stenusine from their pygidial glands, and it propels them over the water very quickly. Stenusine is a chiral molecule with four stereoisomers: (2′R,3R)-, (2′S,3R)-, (2′S,3S)-, and (2′R,3S)-stenusine. The percentile ratio of these four isomers is only known for the most common species of the genus: Stenus comma. With the intention of determining the stereoisomer ratios of five additional species from the two subgenera, Stenus and Hypostenus, we used GC/mass spectrometry measurements with a chiral phase. The results showed that the ratio differs among the genus. These findings can be a basis for chemotaxonomy. It is also possible that the biological function of stenusine, e.g., as antibiotic or fungicide, varies with changing stereoisomer composition.

溶液条件对磷酸钙沉淀法回收磷的影响

磷酸钙沉淀法是从富磷废水中回收磷的主要工艺.为优化工艺,利用批次沉淀实验、热力学模拟计算和X-射线衍射法研究了溶液pH值、初始Ca/P物质的量比、碳酸根和腐殖质浓度对磷酸钙沉淀的影响.结果表明,初始Ca/P物质的量比为1.67,磷酸根浓度为0.35 mmol/L、0.70 mmol/L、1.4 mmol/L时,能够实现快速反应的最小pH值分别为9.5、9.0和8.0.最终沉淀产物以热力学上最稳定的羟磷灰石形态存在.pH=8.0时,碳酸根和腐殖质会抑制磷酸钙沉淀反应; 但pH>9.0时,它们对反应的影响甚小.提高溶液pH值和Ca/P物质的量比均可降低干扰,有效提高沉淀反应效率.调控溶液pH值和Ca/P物质的量比是利用磷酸钙沉淀工艺从废水中回收磷的关键.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.     

崇明东滩潮间带硫酸盐还原菌及有机质含量的初步研究

针对崇明东滩湿地不同潮滩和不同高程的土壤采样,进行了MPN法微生物计数、沉积物有机质含量的测定,计算了SO42-和Cl-浓度的摩尔比,研究了硫酸盐还原菌的分布状况、与有机质含量的相关性、以及植物根际环境对其生长的影响.结果表明,不同高程潮滩同一深度的硫酸盐还原菌数量,按大小排序为:中潮滩高潮滩光滩.同一潮滩不同深度的硫酸盐还原菌含量,均显示为51～52 cm21～22 cm81～82 cm,说明东滩湿地51～52 cm的土壤深度是硫酸盐还原菌生长的主要层位,与存在较好的适于硫酸盐还原菌生长的条件有关.不同深度土壤中的有机质含量,呈现高潮滩中潮滩光滩的趋势.从21～51 cm处,随着深度的增加,有机质含量减少但硫酸盐还原菌的数量却大幅增加,说明硫酸盐还原菌利用土壤中的有机质进行了还原反应.所有土壤样品的SO42-/Cl-摩尔比值均0.05,表明硫酸盐还原菌十分活跃地进行着硫酸盐还原作用.芦苇根际中硫酸盐还原菌含量是最高的,说明东滩湿地芦苇的根际环境对硫酸盐还原菌的生长具有促进作用,而藨草根际的硫酸盐还原菌数量相对非根际环境较低,说明不同的根际效应对于东滩硫酸盐还原菌的生长有不同的影响.