辛置煤矿水力压裂卸压增透影响半径数值模拟研究

随着开采深度的增加,辛置煤矿瓦斯涌出量显著增大。为了提高瓦斯抽采效率,拟采用水力压裂卸压增透技术。理论分析了水力压裂对煤层的卸压增透作用,基于此利用RFPA模拟软件对辛置煤矿2-559回采工作面水力压裂卸压增透进行了数值模拟。研究表明,水力压裂主要在以下3个方面对煤体起到增透作用:使煤体卸压、提高煤层透气性;湿润煤体,增加塑性;改善瓦斯抽放环境。辛置煤矿2-559回采工作面水力压裂所需压力约为15MPa,压裂半径为5-6m,以此可以初步确定现场施工过程中水力压裂钻孔间距以不大于10m为宜。     

温度对烃类物质爆炸极限的影响及其预测模型研究

为研究温度对烃类气体爆炸极限的影响,利用爆炸极限测试仪对C1-C4烃类气体在20℃、60℃、100℃、140℃等初始温度条件下的爆炸极限进行了测试。结果表明:C1-C4烃类气体的爆炸下限在20-140℃范围内与温度呈线性关系,同一系列烃类物质,随着碳原子数的增加,同一温度下所对应的爆炸下限数值依次降低;对于相同碳原子数的烃类物质,相同温度下烷烃的爆炸下限数值高于烯烃的爆炸下限数值。此外,建立了高温条件下烃类物质爆炸极限的预测模型,为烃类物质爆炸极限的预测提供了一种方法。     

某铁矿职业病预评价中危害因素的识别与分析

职业病危害因素识别与分析是职业病危害预评价的基础,识别与分析的结果直接关系到职业病危害预评价结论的合理性和科学性。以某铁矿职业病危害预评价为例,重点阐述了系统工程分析法和类比调查法在预评价中职业病危害因素识别与分析的应用。通过对原辅材料、生产工艺和设备以及类比工程进行分析,识别了某铁矿可能存在的职业病危害因素,并分析了职业病危害程度,得出来了凿岩工是白指病、噪声聋、尘肺的易感人群,球磨工和破碎工罹患尘肺病和噪声聋的概率较大,凿岩工、球磨工和破碎工是本项目重点保护对象和监护人群的结论。     

长江三角洲城市群霾的演变特征及影响因素研究

重建了长江三角洲1961~2007年霾气候数据序列,分析了霾日数的时空变化特征及城乡差异,并探讨了大气污染以及地面和近地层气象条件对霾发生的影响.结果表明,利用湿度—能见度指数参与霾气候序列重建的方法具有一定的合理性和科学性.过去47a间,长江三角洲霾日数总体上呈逐渐增多的趋势,并且四季霾日数都增加.空间上,整个长江三角洲霾日数基本上都呈增加趋势,并以杭州和南京增加最多.近30a来长江三角洲大城市、中等城市和城镇乡村站间霾日数变化具有明显差异.地面气象要素中风速和最长连续无降水日数与霾发生具有较好的对应关系.在霾天气过程和对应的清洁过程,近地层温度、位势高度和风场也都具有明显的差异.长江三角洲霾变化趋势与我国京津冀、珠江三角洲等地的变化一致.区域大气污染物排放量的增加,尤其是细颗粒物的增加是霾出现频率增加的可能原因,全球气候变化以及区域城市化造成的气象条件改变也有利于霾日的增加.     

Factors affecting the distribution of trace elements in harbour sediments

A large number of data (n=488) were acquired from 2003 to 2006 for five Italian harbours and three control areas to determine trace element (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr, and Ni) levels in sediments. Results were utilised to evaluate, on a multivariate statistical basis, pollution levels, significant relationships between observed levels and specific factors, and enrichment factors. Of the factors tested, main human use of harbour, was best able to determine segregations in the observed trace element fingerprints. Compared with the concentration limit approach, the evaluation of enrichment factors, even if affected by mathematical approximations, represented a useful tool for environmental studies, allowing evaluation of the presence of sediments enriched by human activities and reducing the occurrence of both false positives and false negatives due to natural differences in aluminosilicate levels.     

Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soils affected by tannery effluents

Effluents collected from tanneries in Sialkot showed considerably higher levels of heavy metals. Sodium (12 660.91 mg/L) among macronutrients and Cr (592.20 mg/L) among heavy metals were found in the highest concentrations. Effluent parameters, i.e. biological oxygen demand (BOD; 12.40), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 16.53), Cd (5.90), Cr (592.20) and Fe (18.59) were the respective times higher than Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards and their continuous unchecked discharge into agricultural soils poses a potential risk. Mean concentrations (mg/L) of Cr (592.20), Ni (2.66), Mn (1.16), Fe (37.17), Zn (0.90), Cd (0.59) and Pb (1.18) in this study exceeded levels recorded to date from different tanning hubs in Pakistan. Factor analysis/principal components analysis (FA/PCA) for the effluent parameters resulted in six varimax factors, i.e. VF1 (salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, phosphate, BOD and COD; including characteristic tannery effluent features), VF2 (pH, Cr and alkalinity; tanning operations), VF3 (Cd and Pb; dyeing processes), VF4 (Mn and Fe; finishing operations), VF5 (Ni; retaining processes) and VF6 (hardness, Ca and Cu; bating processes). Cluster analysis performed on metal data resulted in three clusters confirming metal–metal relations obtained either from FA/PCA or a correlation matrix. The results of this study are useful for heavy metal source apportionment, assessment of risk to peripheral soils and the future management of environments around tanneries.     

Natural and Anthropogenic Effects On Phytoplankton Primary Productivity in Mangroves

Abstract

Spatial and temporal variations and the factors influencing primary production have been studied in three different mangrove waters (Pichavaram, Ennore Creek and Adyar Estuary) of South India characterised by different anthropogenic impacts. the gross primary productivity in the unpolluted Pichavaram mangrove was 113 g Cm^?2yr^?1 exhibiting natural variability with the environmental forcing factors. Human activities have elevated primary productivity in the Ennore Creek mangrove (157g Cm^?2yr^?1) primarily through the direct discharge of fertilizer effluents. By contrast, a combination of domestic and industrial effluent discharges into the Adyar Estuary mangrove has considerably reduced phytoplankton primary productivity 83g Cm^?2yr^?1 the Redfield N: P ratio varies from 0.96 N: 1P at Ennore Creek, 1.75N: 1P at Adyar Estuary to 15.2 N: 1P at Pichavaram mangroves. This suggests that the Pichavaram mangroves represent a well equilibrated ecosystem with N: P ratio close to steady-state values in contrast to the anthropogenically altered mangrove ecosystems studied. Results show a significant temporal variability in nutrient concentration in the three mangrove areas. Distinct differences in nutrient concentrations between the dry and the wet seasons have been observed.     

Desertification in the Sudan: causes,effects and policy options

Desertification is the spread of desert-like conditions in arid and semi-arid conditions. It is a result of pressure from both climatic and human factors. Desertification in the Sudan has been accelerating at a faster rate over the last two decades, leading to marginalization and the loss of arable land. The main factors contributing to desertification include drought, population growth, the spread of extensive agriculture, deforestation, rapid urbanization, the erosion of local political power, the lack of economic institutions and the absence of social institutions which have tended to reduce the capacity of the local people to cope with the resource degradation problem. Initiatives to arrest the desert encroachment must include improved cultivation methods, proper grazing management, reforestation and integration of livestock and crop production systems, coupled with good linkages to light processing industries.

This paper identifies the causal factors of desert encroachment, assesses its impact on the environment and humanity and concludes by recommending specific strategies to control the desert encroachment problem.     

森林生态系统土壤呼吸时空异质性及影响因子研究进展

土壤呼吸是全球碳循环的一个重要流通途径,是大气CO2的重要来源之一,是陆地碳循环的重要环节,对温室气体的排放产生直接影响,且关系到科学把握全球变化背景下CO2的排放动态,在全球碳收支中占据重要地位,越来越受到各国学者的广泛关注。在全球变化背景下研究土壤呼吸的时空异质性及其影响因子,可为探索陆地生态系统在碳循环方面的碳源/碳汇功能和揭示“碳失汇之迷”,以及减缓气候变暖等方面提供有力的依据。作为一个复杂的生物学与生态学过程,土壤呼吸受到气候、生物以及非生物等因子的影响而呈现时空异质性,并随着各种干扰因子影响的增强,人为因素的作用亦越来越大,该文阐述了森林生态系统土壤呼吸作用的时空动态变化规律、并探讨了影响土壤呼吸速率的各种影响因子,剖析了导致土壤呼吸时空异质性的影响因子,指出自然因子、生物因子和干扰因子共同驱动着土壤呼吸的时空动态变化。并对森林生态系统土壤呼吸作用的模型模拟方面的研究进展进行了综述。最后讨论了森林土壤呼吸时空异质性研究中存在的相关问题,同时提出了今后土壤呼吸研究中应关注的问题,同时对森林生态系统土壤呼吸时空异质性及影响因子的研究方向进行了展望。     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.