作物间套作群体光能截获和利用机理研究进展

合理的间套作种植模式具有高产高效及环境友好的特点,可能成为未来可持续农业的重要组成部分.光能的高效利用是间套作群体产量占优的主要原因之一.论文综述了计算间套作群体光能截获及分配的半经验模型及理论模型,分析了间套作群体产量优势形成的生理生态基础.间作套种可形成有利于作物吸收光能的冠层结构,或者可促进作物的光合速率,或者可改变作物的收获指数.对于共生期较长的间套作群体而言,优势作物对光能的高效截获和劣势作物对光能的高效利用是群体产量优势形成的主要原因,而对于共生期较短的间套作群体而言,两种作物光能吸收量的增加是该群体高产的主要驱动力.     

“大气十条”政策的节能降碳效果评估与创新中介效应

为评估《大气污染防治行动计划》(“大气十条”政策)的节能降碳效果与作用机制,在测度2003～2017年281个地级和以上城市单位地区生产总值能耗和CO₂排放量的基础上,运用双重差分模型探究了“大气十条”政策对节能降碳的影响、创新中介效应和城市异质性.结果表明：(1)“大气十条”政策促进全样本城市能耗强度显著下降17.60%,碳排放强度显著下降19.99%,在通过平行趋势检验、克服内生性和安慰剂、动态时间窗和反事实、三重差分和PSM-DID估计等一系列稳健性检验基础上,上述结论依然成立.(2)机制分析表明,“大气十条”政策通过绿色发明型专利为载体的直接创新中介效应实现节能降碳效果,创新引致的产业结构升级效应的间接创新中介效应实现节能效果.(3)异质性分析表明,“大气十条”政策对煤炭消费大省的节能降碳幅度分别大于非煤炭消费大省0.86%和3.25%;对老工业基地城市的降碳幅度大于非老工业基地36.43%,但节能效果小于非老工业基地8.93%;对非资源型城市的节能降碳幅度分别大于资源型城市31.30%和74.95%.(4)结果显示,须强化煤炭消费大省、老工业基地城市和资...     

中国环境保护投资进展与展望

环保投资是环保工程项目实施的重要保障，为打好污染防治攻坚战、推进美丽中国和生态文明建设提供了有力支撑。本文回顾了近40多年来中国环保投资政策演进历程，将其划分为企业主体阶段（1979—2003年）、政企并重阶段（2004—2012年）、多元投资阶段（2013年至今）。从规模加大、构成丰富、渠道拓展及强化效益四个方面，总结了环保投资主要进展与成效。基于高质量发展不足、回报机制不健全、投资绩效待提高三个角度，识别当前环保投资存在的关键瓶颈。从强化气候投融资、鼓励投资机制创新、加大财政支出力度、促进多元投资、提高投资效益等五个方面，对未来环保投资政策优化方向进行了展望。     

环境规制对资源型城市产业结构转型的影响

基于中国2003~2016年115个资源型城市,利用固定效应模型和中介效应模型,研究环境规制对产业结构转型的影响及绿色技术创新在这一过程中所发挥的中介作用.结果表明,从整体看,正式与非正式环境规制均能显著地促进产业结构向合理化、高级化转型,且非正式环境规制的促进作用更为明显.此外,绿色技术创新在环境规制促进产业结构转型的效应中发挥着中介作用.经过一系列稳健性检验后结论仍然成立.基于城市成长周期角度,正式与非正式环境规制对产业结构合理化、高级化的作用随城市成长周期不同而表现出显著差异,同时绿色技术创新在环境规制对产业结构转型过程中发挥的中介作用随城市成长周期不同也明显不一致;基于时期异质性角度,2013~2016年正式与非正式环境规制对产业结构合理化、高级化作用相较于2003~2012年均有所提升,且绿色技术创新在环境规制促进产业结构高级化中存在中介效应.     

Well-designed environmental regulation and firm performance: Swedish evidence on the Porter hypothesis and the effect of regulatory time strategies

Using recent data on a cross-section of Swedish chemical and pulp and paper firms, this paper provides novel empirical insights into the Porter hypothesis. Well-designed environmental regulation can stimulate firms’ innovative capabilities, while at the same time generating innovation offsets that may both offset net compliance costs and yield a competitive edge over those firms that are not affected by such regulations. In doing so, we also test the alleged effectiveness of regulatory time strategies in stimulating innovation activities of regulated firms. We find evidence for the effectiveness of such well-designed regulations: announced rather than existing regulation induces innovation and some innovation offsets. Our results imply that empirical tests of the Porter hypothesis that do not account for its dynamic nature, and that do not measure well-designed regulations, might provide misleading conclusions as to its validity.     

Sustainable development in East Africa: impact evaluation of regional agricultural development projects in Burundi,Kenya, Rwanda,Tanzania, and Uganda

Investments in agricultural technologies, capacity building and policy harmonization are needed to support sustainable development across Africa. Regional development projects can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and innovations across nation-state borders and generate benefits for shared prosperity. This paper uses panel data from 1,160 smallholder households including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries from five countries in East Africa - Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. From a pool of over 90 projects implemented over a span of 15 years, 23 regional projects are included in this study. The major economic benefits to smallholder participants are higher crop productivity and income, access to adaptable technologies, access to markets, higher livestock and milk production, gender equality, enhanced food security, resilience and capacity building for uptake and scaling up of future innovation platforms. For example, the adoption of low-cost tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries increased their incomes by 15% in Rwanda while the adoption of appropriate land and water management technologies increased the potato yields from 2.8 tons (USD 2,840/ha) to over 7.5 tons (USD 7,410/ha) in Kenya. The beneficiaries ensured value added to commodities like bananas (for export) and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (a nutrition-sensitive intervention for enhancing domestic intake of vitamin A) in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Additionally, milk production increased from 6 to 11 L per cow per day in Uganda and from 6 to 8 L per cow per day in Tanzania, with increases in sales generating USD 115 per cow per month above the non-beneficiaries. These results are supported by previous studies on technology adoption, investments in agriculture and well-being outcomes. Our findings with the higher farm income Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimator for the female beneficiaries compared to male beneficiaries might have important implications for investing in regional development projects that will close the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Africa. Regional projects can also support post-conflict development efforts for food security and peace in fragile contexts such as in Burundi. Our findings might serve as an input to the African Union's Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to food security and agriculture in Africa and an input to monitoring, evaluation and learning.     

Environmental innovation strategies: When and why NGOs go beyond public regulations

The concept of environmental innovation strategies (EIS) is introduced and discussed. The notion refers to the conduct by which non-governmental organisations (NGOs) act as policy entrepreneurs seeking to address environmental issues by going beyond the provisions of public regulations. Environmental innovation is understood as the product of a process of social interactions between heterogeneous types of actors, including NGOs. Three social mechanisms are introduced in order to capture the conditions enabling and motivating NGOs to pursue EIS, as well as the politics through which EIS are produced. These mechanisms are then discussed in the light of two in-depth case studies in Indonesia and Switzerland. The findings highlight the institutional frustration and mix of concerns that push NGOs to engage in EIS, as well as the non-spontaneous nature of environmental innovations. Innovation represents, in the end, a game of power that should be analysed as such.     

基于后发优势理论的县域旅游产业发展研究——以安徽省休宁县为例

阐述了后发优势理论的源起、发展和应用于旅游业的情况。在此基础上,以安徽省休宁县为例,从六个方面对该县的旅游后发优势进行了阐述,并提出了基于后发优势的休宁县旅游业发展对策建议。     

环境科技创新在绿色经济发展中的应用与实践研究

在雾霾天气越来越严重、环境污染日益恶化的背景下,环境的污染问题明显突出,也成为经济发展的一大障碍。为此,绿色经济发展得到更多人的认识和赞同。人们在发展经济的同时,重视绿色经济的发展,同时更重视环境科技创新在绿色经济发展中的应用。绿色文明是追求人类和自然界的和谐统一,环境保护与经济发展的协调发展。它需要对绿色资源的可持续利用,资源利用不能超过替代资源的发展速度;污染排放量不能超过自净系统的自然规律,科学合理地利用资源。科技创新、绿色文明符合中国当前可持续发展的总体要求,是发展绿色循环经济的思想基础。     

贵州省县级市创建环境保护模范城市的思考

简要介绍了全国县级市"创模"的概况,结合贵州省4个"创模"县级市的实际情况,从指标考核范围、指标考核标准、城市发展战略、环保基础设施等方面,分析了贵州省县级市创模的优势与压力。