Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

Research on the effects of command-and-control and market-oriented policy tools on China’s energy conservation and emissions reduction innovation

The impact of environmental regulation on technology innovation is a hot spot in current research where a large number of empirical studies are based on Porter Hypothesis (PH). However, there are still controversies in academia about the establishment of “weak” and “narrow” versions of PH. Based on the panel data of application for patent of energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) technology of Chinese city scale during 2008–2014, comprehensive energy price, pollutant emission, etc., mixed regression model and systematic generalized method of moments method were adopted, respectively, to study the impact of market-oriented and command-and-control policy tool on China’s ECER technology innovation. The results show that the environmental regulation hindered the technological innovation in the immediate phase; however, it turned out to be positive in the first-lag phase. Hence, the establishment of “weak” PH is time-bounded. The command-and-control policy tool played a more positive role in promoting technological innovation in the first-lag phase than market-oriented policy tool. Therefore, “narrow” PH is not tenable. The reason is that the main participants of China’s ECER technology innovation are state-owned companies and public institutions. Regionally speaking, the impact which command-and-control policy tool has on technological innovation at sight was non-significant in the eastern, the central, and the western regions of China whilst market-oriented policy tool had a negative effect. And market-oriented policy tool in the central region had strongest negative effect, which would diminish in the eastern region and become weakest in the western region. This was related to regional energy consumption level and the market economic vitality.     

长江经济带区域创新绩效时空特征分析

创新已成为知识经济时代区域发展的重要动力,运用DEA-Malmquist指数测度长江经济带区域创新绩效水平、空间结构及变化趋势等,通过Ward聚类对相似绩效水平的地区进行分组,具体分析不同发展阶段区域创新绩效特征及问题解决路径。实证研究证明:长江经济带整体绩效整体水平不高,经济核心区多通过大量物质投入及资源消耗实现创新体量增加而并非通过创新资源的充分利用实现,如何提升已有技术资源的利用率却被忽视;处于不同发展阶段且具有相似绩效水平的区域各自表现出包括资源规模与投入、产出不匹配,投入冗余或产出不足等方面的不同特征及创新问题,处于相似发展阶段经济水平差异大的地区其具体创新绩效提升途径也具有一定差异性。     

“Just” ecopreneurs: re-conceptualising green transitions and entrepreneurship

Economic, environmental, and social limits of the current capitalist mode of production have led to a rethinking and reconceptualisation of economic processes and models including the role of businesses in sustainable development. While green economies and more specifically green entrepreneurs have been identified as agents of change that can challenge the mainstream and seek to induce environmental, social, and ethical transformation of society, much research has stayed within existing models of thinking predominantly rooted in technocratic approaches (e.g. ecological modernisation and more recently transition studies). This paper seeks to offer an alternative understanding of green entrepreneurship that breaks open these discussions using an environmental justice frame that focuses on the role of extra-economic discourses in shaping the social relations of economic systems. By drawing on an exemplary case study of “just” entrepreneurship from Boston, Massachusetts, USA, the paper seeks to start a conversation around the ideas of green entrepreneurship and environmental justice as vehicles to deliver potentially broader system changes and explores both conceptual and practical aspects of green development. As such, it offers (1) evidence of a just green economy that can be realised within existing capitalist structures as well as (2) a different conceptual entry point to understanding green entrepreneurship.     

基于DEA-Malmquist的资源型城市创新效率分析

利用2004—2010年间黑龙江13座资源型城市的面板数据,基于DEA-Malmquist法对城市创新效率进行了测算和分析,并在此基础上进行了收敛分析。测算结果表明,2004—2010年黑龙江的创新效率呈现出增长态势,其动力主要来源于规模效率,并发现创新工作的2座重点城市和3座典型城市。收敛分析结果表明,黑龙江科技创新效率存在绝对收敛。     

“低碳世博”对城市未来发展的启示与借鉴

基于联合国环境规划署于2011年年底面向全球发布的《中国2010年上海世博会环境后评估》报告,全面总结了世博会在选址、规划、建设、运营和后续利用等全过程探索应用的低碳理念和宝贵实践,系统提出了"低碳世博"对城市未来发展的启示和借鉴,为国内外发展中城市和其他大型活动的组织实施提供了有益参考。     

从生态文明理论探索看我国文明发展走势

生态文明本质上是一种协调发展的和谐性的文明。建设生态文明是马克思主义所要建立的新社会的内在要求,是人类对如何实现与自然界之间的协调与稳定做出的新结论。生态文明建设是一个复杂的、系统的工程,自然生态、精神生态和社会生态是生态文明的三个核心维度。     

科技后备人才培养的有关问题探讨

该文分析了国内外人才培养模式的发展和变化,介绍了国家自然科学基金委员会青少年科技活动专项的资助管理模式和其在推动我国青少年科技活动开展中所发挥的作用,并就所资助活动中的典型事例进行了分析.文章最后提出:根据国家发展战略需要,建立人才培养的长效机制;发挥部门优势作好科技后备人才的培养工作;加强科学和教育的结合,共同完善科技人才培养体系;创新人才培养模式,改善青少年科技竞赛类项目;根据学科特点,分别地域条件有针对性地开展青少年科技活动;注重学科交叉,发挥政府部门引导作用;关注国家重大问题和前沿科学进展,有重点地开展青少年科技活动;顺应人才成长的内在客观规律,作好人才培养各环节的衔接.     

Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China： A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market, Government and Society

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979,China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society.This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China.It examines some major resource and environmental issues,and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors(government,market and society).In addition,the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period.We argue that the combination of market regulation,government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment.Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them,including coordinating role of government and market,building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.     

转型期的资源与环境管理：基于市场-政府-社会三角制衡的分析

在经济体制转型期,伴随着经济的持续快速增长,我国出现了前所末有的资源破坏和环境恶化现象,严重制约未来经济社会的可持续发展.由此,构建解决经济发展需求与资源环境供给矛盾的有效机制,成为政界及学术界共同关注的重点课题.从中国经济转型期存在的主要资源与环境问题分析入手,提出资源环境管理制度构建的理想框架,通过进一步评价我国在市场机制、政府干预、公众参与3个方面的经验及教训,分别提出未来改进的方向.研究结果表明;"市场--政府--社会"三足鼎立的制度结构是我国资源环境管理制度构建的理想日标,也是适应世界资源环境保护发展的潮流.最后提出协调政府和市场作用、构建市场运作平台、营造公众参与氛围等方面的政策建议.