Analysing economic impact on interdependent infrastructure after flood: Pakistan a case in point

A disaster such as floods can have a drastic impact on interdependent infrastructure and economic sectors. The resilience or the ability of the critical sector to recover quickly from the disruption can also reduce the consequences of the disaster. In this paper, through resilience and recovery time Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output model (DIIM) is applied. Thus, Input-Output (I-O) table is constructed for Pakistan's economic system and a case study is performed on the flooding in Pakistan 2011–12. The purpose of this study is to provide a ballpark estimate of the system-wide impact and ripple effect on the sectors that lasted for several days after the disruption. Furthermore, to analyze the inoperability and economic loss in the sectors caused by the disaster in a developing country. The findings of the research show that most of the critical sectors are associated with agriculture and service sector in terms of inoperability and economic loss respectively. The outcome of the study will be essential for the policy makers, disaster management authorities and health departments to respond accordingly.     

基于投入产出方法的中国能源消费碳排放情景分析

中国目前是世界上最大的发展中国家,同时也是世界上最大的二氧化碳排放国家之一,因此节能减排不仅有利于中国的可持续发展,而且对缓和全球气候变暖具有突出贡献。本文将情景分析法与投入产出法相结合,建立了基于投入产出的能源消耗和CO2排放情景分析模型,模拟在不同的经济增长方式情景下中国2020年能源消耗及其CO2排放情况。然后,对中国节能减排影响因素进行分析。最后得到了有关结论,并提出了相应政策建议。     

“十一五”时期环保投入的宏观经济影响

我国环保投入的逐年增加为强化污染治理、改善环境质量提供了重要基础保障,但环保投入如何影响宏观经济的作用机理值得深入研究。在2007年国家42部门投入产出表基础上,编制了环境-经济投入产出表,并构建了环保投入对宏观经济的影响分析模型,将环保运行费和环保投资作为研究对象,测算其对宏观经济各指标各行业的经济影响,并分解到省级层面。结果显示:1"十一五"期间环保投入在一定程度上起到了拉动经济发展、增加居民收入、促进社会就业等经济社会贡献作用,五年期间对国民经济总产出、GDP、居民收入、就业等方面影响分别为102 043亿元、29 457亿元、12 563亿元、1 324万人次,且以间接影响和诱发影响占较大比重,表明环保投入具有较强产业波及效应。2经济影响存在明显行业差异,通用专用设备制造业、农林牧渔业、环境服务业、建筑业等与环保投入直接相关的行业受益较大。但与此同时,也一定程度上拉动了金属冶炼压延加工业、化学工业、非金属矿物制品业等高污染高能耗行业,表明环保治理活动自身带来的资源环境负担在中国现有产业结构情况下仍不可避免。在优化产业结构、提高资源使用效率的同时需要寻求更加清洁的治理技术。3经济影响区域差异明显,受益较大的省份主要集中于广东、山东、江苏、河北、辽宁等东部沿海及中部发展较好地区,而受益较小的省份大多位于西部及边远地区。总体来看,鉴于当前我国环境治理投入仍不能满足日益突出的环境问题,适当加大环保投入不但能够取得环境效应,同时也可带来一定的社会经济效应。     

《水污染防治行动计划》实施的宏观经济影响分析

基于全产业链视角,本文采用投入产出模型定量模拟了《水污染防治行动计划》(以下简称《水十条》)项目实施的社会经济影响.结果表明,《水十条》的实施:①起到了刺激经济发展、促进社会就业的作用,将拉动我国GDP 累计增加56 964 亿元,其中直接贡献占13%,间接贡献占87%;累计增加非农就业岗位398 万人,其中直接贡献占29%,间接贡献占71%.②将拉动环保装备制造、建筑安装、环保技术服务等相关行业的发展,同时通过产业链关联间接带动农林牧渔业、交通运输及仓储业、批发和零售业、专用设备制造业等行业的发展.③在我国环境保护投资仍然严重不足的情况下,加大环保投资有利于带动节能环保产业的发展,促进我国经济战略转型.     

重要基础设施的依赖性模型及应用

把无效果投入产出模型(IIM)引入到重要基础设施的相互依赖性模型研究中,模型中的参数估计通过问卷调查从各领域专家处获得,并使用三角模糊数对该估计值进行修正,最终分别用依赖性指标和影响增益指标评价相互依赖性造成的影响;采用专家调查法和三角模糊数估计模型的参数值,构建了重大自然灾害中重要基础设施的相互依赖性模型。将模型应用于中国2008年南方冰冻雨雪灾害中重要基础设施的依赖性研究中,比较得到受影响最大的设施系统和依赖性最大的设施系统,为防灾减灾和有侧重地进行重要基础设施的保护和完善提供了依据。     

STATISTICAL IDENTIFICATION OF STORAGE MODELS WITH APPLICATION TO STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a method for the statistical identification of storage models for daily riverflow time series, together with numerical results. The first step in the identification process is to obtain a discrete time version of a storage model using a local linearization approach. It is shown that the discrete time version thus obtained may be utilized in the identification of the original storage model. A statistical method for the identification of daily rainfall time series models used in simulation is also presented. This identification procedure employs the maximum likelihood method for point process data analysis and is illustrated by means of numerical examples.     

基于MRIO模型的中国对外贸易隐含大气污染转移研究

采用全球多区域投入产出（MRIO）模型耦合二氧化硫（SO₂）、氮氧化物（NO_x）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）、非甲烷挥发性颗粒物（NMVOC）排放清单,定量分析了2012年中国与其他国家贸易过程中隐含的大气污染排放转移.结果显示,中国是隐含SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀排放的输出地和隐含NMVOC排放的输入地.欧盟、东亚和美国购买我国商品（如电力燃气和水供应业、重工业和矿采选业）导致的出口隐含大气污染排放量占比约为70%.中国在消耗撒哈拉以南非洲地区、中东&北非、东亚、东南亚和欧盟进口商品过程中,导致上述地区排放NMVOC为3.1×10⁶t,约占我国进口隐含NMVOC排放的69.2%.为了减轻我国对外贸易中承担的环境负担,本文从加强重污染产业管控、发展绿色经济、推进全球绿色供给链等方面提出相关政策建议.     

Income Growth,Urbanization, Changing Life Style and Energy Requirements in China

Abstract

This paper aims to estimate the effects of changing life style and consumption demands driven by income growth and urbanization on increase of energy requirements in China, and estimate the impacts of improvement in household consumption on mitigating energy requirements towards 2020, based on input-output analysis and scenarios simulation approach. The result shows that energy requirement per capita has increased by 159% for urban residents and 147% for rural residents from 1995 to 2004. Growth in household consumption driven by income growth and urbanization may induce a successive increase in energy requirements in future. Per capita energy requirements of urban residents will increase by 240% during 2002–2015 and 330% during 2002–2020. Urbanization might lead to 0.75 billion ton of increment of energy requirements in 2020. About 45%–48% of total energy requirements in China might be a consequence of residents’ life styles and the economic activities to support consumption demands in 2020. Under low-carbon life style scenario, per capita energy requirements of urban residents may decline to 97% in 2015 and 92% in 2020 in contrast with baseline scenario. That implies that China needs to pay a great attention to developing green low-carbon life style in order to realize mitigation target towards 2020.     

我国亚热带丘陵地区流域氮素的平衡与源汇特征

以位于北亚热带丘陵地区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F:森林、FA:森林/农田)为研究区域,2007年3月～2009年2月通过定期监测雨水和径流水以及对其NH 4+-N和NO 3--N的测定,分析了流域氮素的平衡与源汇特征.结果表明,雨水中无机氮的输入量为16.72 kg.(hm2.a)-1,NH 4+-N占56%;2个小流域(F、FA)径流水中无机氮的输出量分别为5.31kg.(hm2.a)-1和8.21 kg.(hm2.a)-1,NO 3--N占75%～82%,流域内农业活动加剧了径流水中氮素的输出.大气干湿沉降输入的无机氮总量为20.06～23.41 kg.(hm2.a)-1,约占当地氮肥施用量13%～15%.2个小流域(F、FA)由于氮沉降及其转化产生的H+量分别为355 mol.(hm2.a)-1和461 mol.(hm2.a)-1,流域内农业活动在一定程度上加速了土壤酸化进程.流域氮素收支平衡表明2个小流域(F、FA)氮素净滞留量分别为13.35～16.70 kg.(hm2.a)-1和17.89～23.38 kg.(hm2.a)-1,受到农业活动影响的流域(FA)氮素的净滞留率(33%～40%)远比森林流域(F)(65%～70%)低,表明我国亚热带地区以森林为主的流域目前仍具有氮汇作用,但流域内农业活动降低了生态系统的氮汇潜力.     

IMPROVING WETLAND POLICY THROUGH AMELIORATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS ON LOCAL ECONOMIES1

An input-output model was used to estimate changes in expenditure and income flows due to restoring drained wetlands in North Dakota. Results indicate a payment in addition to the amount paid to the landowner may be necessary to make local economies as well off after restoration as before.