GIS与水质模型集成研究与实践

从水质模型研究现状出发,对GIS在水质模型方面的应用进行了阐述,探讨了二者在不同层次上的集成模式,然后给出了GIS与环境水质模型集成系统的体系框架,并以此为基础进行了GIS与环境水质模型集成的实践。     

对苯二甲酸及其生产废水的生物毒性与控制技术

综述了对苯二甲酸 (TA)及其生产废水的生物毒性 ,并对相关的毒性控制技术进行了讨论。这对研究开发高效处理TA生产废水技术 ,维护人体健康与生态安全 ,有着极为重要的现实意义。     

Simulated photo-degradation of dissolved organic matter in lakes revealed by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix with regional integration and parallel factor analysis

Simulated photo-degradation of fluorescent dissolved organic matter(FDOM) in Lake Baihua(BH) and Lake Hongfeng(HF) was investigated with three-dimensional excitationemission matrix(3 DEEM) fluorescence combined with the fluorescence regional integration(FRI),parallel factor(PARAFAC) analysis,and multi-order kinetic models.In the FRI analysis,fulvic-like and humic-like materials were the main constituents for both BH-FDOM and HF-FDOM.Four individual components were identified by use of PARAFAC analysis as humic-like components(C1),fulvic-like components(C2),protein-like components(C3) and unidentified components(C4).The maximum 3 DEEM fluorescence intensity of PARAFAC components C1-C3 decreased by about 60%,70% and 90%,respectively after photo-degradation.The multi-order kinetic model was acceptable to represent the photo-degradation of FDOM with correlation coefficient(R_(adj)~2)(0.963-0.998).The photo-degradation rate constants(k_n) showed differences of three orders of magnitude,from 1.09 x 10~(-6) to 4.02 x 10~(-4) min-1,and half-life of multi-order model(T_(1/2)~n)ranged from 5.26 to 64.01 min.The decreased values of fluorescence index(FI) and biogenic index(BI),the fact that of percent fluorescence response parameter of Region I(P_(Ⅰ,n)) showed the greatest change ratio,followed by percent fluorescence response parameter of Region II(P_(Ⅱ,n),while the largest decrease ratio was found for C3 components,and the lowest T_(1/2)~n was observed for C3,indicated preferential degradation of protein-like materials/components derived from biological sources during photodegradation.This research on the degradation of FDOM by 3 DEEM/FRI-PARAFAC would be beneficial to understanding the photo-degradation of FD OM in natural environments and accurately predicting the environmental behaviors of contaminants in the presence of FDOM.     

When do environmental regulations backfire? Onsite industrial electricity generation,energy efficiency and policy instruments

More than half of all energy produced by electric utilities is lost in the form of waste heat. However, when manufacturing facilities choose to produce their own electricity, this waste heat is captured by Combined Heating and Power (CHP) technologies and used in the production process. As a result, manufacturers' pollution footprint can be dramatically reduced by choosing to produce electricity onsite rather than purchasing it from a utility. This paper uses Census microdata to study manufacturers’ decision to produce electricity onsite and examines how plants adjust onsite generation when they are subject to environmental regulations. Environmental regulations will backfire if they cause manufacturers to produce less electricity onsite and shift to electricity from less efficient, offsite electric utilities. We find that manufacturing plants subject to NOx command-and-control regulations decrease onsite electricity generation, increase electricity purchases from off-site utilities and see declines in their energy efficiency. However, manufacturers subject to cap-and-trade see no decline in onsite generation and experience improvements in energy efficiency. These findings demonstrate the importance of instrument selection and identify a new pathway through which emissions leakage may occur.     

A joint climate and nature cure: A transformative change perspective

Climate change has considerably dominated science-policy dialogue, public debate, and subsequently environmental policies since the three “Rio Conventions” were born. This has led to practically independent courses of action of climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation actions, neglecting potential conflicts among outcomes and with missed opportunities for synergistic measures. Transformative governance principles have been proposed to overcome these limitations. Using a transformative governance lens, we use the case of the Norwegian "Climate Cure 2030" for the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector to, first, illustrate the mechanisms that have led to the choice of climate mitigation measures; second, to analyze the potential consequences of these measures on biodiversity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; and, third, to evaluate alternative measures with potential positive outcomes for biodiversity and GHG emissions/removals. We point to some mechanisms that could support the implementation of these positive actions.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01679-8.     

基于动态信任网络的突发事件模型库系统的研究

根据突发事件应急决策的需求,本文结合模型网络法和基于信任筛选器的模型组合方法,提出了动态信任网络的模型组合方法,实现了根据不同的突发事件和不同环境选择适合的模型进行模型组合。在运用动态信任网络模型组合方法的基础上,本文应用Agent技术提出了一种智能化较高的突发事件模型库,不仅增强了模型库的适应性和模型库的自学习功能,而且还可以对耦合灾害和复杂事件链的应急处置提供良好的模型决策支持功能。     

边坡振动台模型实验动位移的加速度时程积分探讨

受数据采集条件限制,振动台模型实验的速度和动位移时程一般由实测加速度时程信号进行积分得到。通过理论分析和实验实测数据计算,认为动位移的频域积分法误差来源是低频截止频率的选取,特别当低频频率接近零时,传统二阶频域积分可产生较大的动位移低频振荡和峰值误差。提出利用时域与频域混合的方法,即频域-时域混合积分法,来克服积分过程带来的误差,其在对加速度两次积分中,分别进行一次频域积分和一次时域积分。地震模拟振动实验的台面实测加速度数据积分与台面动位移计实测数据的对比表明,较之传统的二阶频域积分,采用频域-时域混合积分时误差可明显减小。     

生态用地的环境功能及空间整合——以南京市为例

研究快速城市化与工业化地区的生态用地不仅要关注环境污染与生境退化的影响,而且还应重视生态用地对区域环境质量的调节与改善效应。南京是长江三角洲地区的重要中心城市,生态用地保护对维护其“山水林城”的环境特色具有重要意义。采用TM卫星遥感影像解译与空间分析等方法,得出全市生态用地占土地面积的15%,按功能的适宜性与相近性,归并划分出水源涵养、河湖湿地、风景名胜和地质遗迹4个类型区,且前两个类型具有较强的空间优势;选取表征环境功能重要性的12个指标,评价得到极重要区占全市生态用地19%,较重要区占56%,重要区占25%;综合考虑生态用地对城市化与工业化空间发〖JP2〗展的环境调控作用与加强污染治理和生态保护的协调,构建包含11个环境源强的4个生态环境调控组团,提出了禁止、限制各类活动以及保护生态环境的对策     

Designing a supercritical steam cycle to integrate the energy requirements of CO2 amine scrubbing

Absorption by chemical solvents combined with CO₂ long-term storage appears to offer interesting and commercial applicable CO₂ capture technology. However one of the main disadvantages is related to the large quantities of heat required to regenerate the amine solvent that means an important power plant efficiency penalty. Different studies have analyzed alternatives to reduce the heat duty on the reboiler and the thermal integration requirements on existing power cycles. In these studies integration principles have been well set up, but there is a lack of information about how to achieve an integrated design and the thermal balances of the modified cycle flowsheet. This paper proposes and provides details about a set of modifications of a supercritical steam cycle to overcome the energy requirements through energetic integration with the aim of reducing the efficiency and power output penalty associated with CO₂ capture process. Modifications include a new designed low-pressure heater flowsheet to take advantage of the CO₂ compression cooling for postcombustion systems and integration of amine reboiler into a steam cycle. It has been carried out several simulations in order to obtain power plant performance depending on sorbent regeneration requirements.     

基于“一证式”排污许可的点源环境管理制度整合研究

排污许可证制度作为污染源管理的一项基本制度,经过多年的探索实践,逐渐向一证管理的方向发展。以排污许可证制度为核心,统筹整合各项点源环境管理制度,可以实现对点源全周期的高效管理,对提升点源环境管理综合效能十分有效,也是当前排污许可证制度改革的重要内容。本文在对现有各项点源环境管理制度的执行局限进行详细分析的基础上,提出各项点源环境管理制度与基于"一证式"管理的排污许可证制度的衔接和整合方式,将排污许可证制度贯穿整个项目筹建期、建设及试运营期、正式运营期和停产修复期,把现有各项点源环境管理制度中对排污单位影响环境的开发、建设、经营等活动的管理要求通过排污许可证集中体现,强化排污单位持证排污、按证排污的法律要求,有效解决现有的其他点源环境管理制度仅作用于排污单位生存周期某一阶段的应用局限,全面改变现有点源环境管理制度各自为营的分散模式,重新构建了符合新时期环境保护工作需求的高效化、精细化点源环境管理制度体系。