安徽区域水资源可持续利用评价

利用"水桶模型"原理,在分析影响区域水资源可持续利用的各种因素基础上,对建立区域水资源可持续利用指标体系进行初步探讨.在论述构建区域水资源可持续利用指标体系的指导思想、原则后,设计了包含目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次的区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系框架.并以安徽省三大自然地理区为例,利用主成分分析法和多级灰色关联评价法,结合所建立的指标体系,对区域水资源可持续利用状况进行定量评价.结果表明:江南、江淮地区属可持续发展区,而淮北地区属基本可持续发展区.指出了这3个区域水资源开发利用中的问题,对今后各地区水资源开发利用过程中应注意的不同侧重点提出了相应意见.      

新疆农用地变化的环境效应

土地生态环境问题一直都是专家、学者研究的热点话题,土地利用的生态环境效应更是人们日益关注的问题,以新疆1996-2004年农用地详查数据为依据,在分析研究土地利用的变化特点的基础上,阐述了农用地变化产生的环境效应.尽管农用地数量在整体上是增加的,但是土地沙化、退化,水土流失、生物多样性减少等一系列生态环境恶化现象仍在继续.因此,新疆农用地要在水资源的承载范围内适度增加.目前,新疆农用地变化给整体环境带来负面的效应,仅使局部生态环境改善,整体环境变坏.因此,新疆在土地利用中,要以此为鉴,加强生态环境建设,注重各种功能用地的结合.     

我国污染地块安全开发利用模式与安全性评价方法

随着对污染地块安全开发利用认识的不断深入,污染地块安全开发利用模式及开发利用的安全性评价日益受到重视。从广义和狭义2个层面分别阐述了污染地块安全开发利用模式的含义,并重点对“四分”总体修复策略和“五个特性”技术策略共同构成的狭义层面上的安全开发利用模式进行了阐释,分析了影响模式选择的5个影响因素。在此基础上,构建出一套包含5个一级指标、10个二级指标的污染地块开发利用“安全性”评价指标体系,提出了各指标的评价方法。本研究旨在提出对我国在污染地块安全开发利用模式及安全性评价方法开展深入研究,并为污染地块修复技术的比选和评价、开展修复（管控）工程的评价提供参考,进而推动我国污染地块的绿色可持续发展。     

污染地块巨厚含水层典型DNAPLs运移模拟及安全利用深度评估

江苏省南部地区历史遗留化工污染地块同时存在巨厚含水层（厚度＞30 m）和DNAPL类污染物,故导致再开发利用时调查和治理深度难以确定。利用UTChem 模型构建地块二维地下水DNAPLs迁移模型,对巨厚含水层底板上典型DNAPLs（氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳、四氯乙烯）随时间推移的迁移扩散情况进行了模拟,并对影响其扩散范围的因素进行了探讨,基于模拟研究结果对此类地块安全利用深度进行了分析。模拟研究表明,不存在抽水井的情况下,经过70 a,含水层底板上4种典型DNAPLs（氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳、四氯乙烯）污染羽迁移范围有限,其自底板垂直向上最大迁移距离分别为16.70、16.90、15.20、7.90 m,向下游迁移距离分别为332.12、337.77、322.10、243.40 m。在存在抽水井的情况下,抽水井会显著影响DNAPLs污染羽的迁移范围。影响DNAPLs污染物迁移扩散范围的主要因素为污染物溶解度、密度、黏度、弥散度及渗透系数。本研究结果可为典型化工类型退役地块的风险管控和安全利用提供参考。     

涉重危废概念的提出及其资源化利用

危险废物作为具有较高危害特性的固体废物,近年来受到国内外学术界、政府管理部门和公众的极大关注。危险废物的产生和排放呈现量大、面广、源多、物杂的特点,因此,科学分级分类既是其精细管理、精确监控、精准处置的现实需求,也是环境科学与工程领域危险废物和固体废物学科体系构建和健康发展的必然要求。危险废物中有一重要类别,其共有的危险特性源于重金属的毒性。重金属的不可降解性决定了该类危险废物的环境风险和环境危害具有持久性;重金属的不可再生性又决定了该类危险废物的资源属性具有稀缺性。为此,探讨并定义了以重金属毒性为危险特性的这一重要而独特的危险废物细分领域,明确了其内涵和外延;提出了金属五分法及该类别危险废物资源化利用的实现路径;分析了不同重金属提取工艺的适用性,并论述了该类别危险废物资源化利用的核心要务和技术原理。     

Metabolic diversity of the heterotrophic microorganisms and potential link to pollution of the Rouge River

The heterotrophic microbial communities of the Rouge River were tracked using Biolog Ecoplates to understand the metabolic diversity at different temporal and spatial scales, and potential link to river pollution. Site less impacted by anthrophogenic sources (site 1), showed markedly lower metabolic diversity. The only substrates that were utilized in the water samples were carbohydrates. Sites more impacted by anthrophogenic sources (sites 8 and 9) showed higher metabolic diversity. Higher functional diversity was linked to the physico-chemical and biological properties of the water samples (i.e. higher concentrations of DO, DOC, chlorophyll, and bacterial density). Biolog analysis was found to be useful in differentiating metabolic diversity between microbial communities; in determining factors that most influence the separation of communities; and in identifying which substrates were most utilized by the communities. It can also be used as an effective ecological indicator of changes in river function attributable to urbanization and pollution.     

污水快速渗滤土地处理研究进展

针对RI系统的污染物去除机制、运行方式、系统恢复以及实践应用等方面的研究进展作一综述。RI技术的应用有着广阔的前景 ,必将促进我国环境保护与生态建设的发展     

Causes of change in nitrophytic and oligotrophic lichen species in a Mediterranean climate: impact of land cover and atmospheric pollutants

With the aim of determining the main drivers of changes in nitrophytic and oligotrophic macro-lichen communities in an industrial region with a Mediterranean climate, we considered both land-cover types and atmospheric pollutants. We determined the relation between the abundance of nitrophytic and oligotrophic species with environmental factors considering the distance of influence of land-cover types. The results showed that oligotrophic species decreased in the proximity of artificial areas, barren land and agricultural areas, associated with higher concentrations of NO₂ and Zn, and Ti, probably dust of industrial and agricultural origin. Nitrophytic species were positively related to all the mentioned land-cover types, and with higher concentrations of Fe and N. Magnesium, probably from ocean aerosols, was negatively related to oligotrophic species and positively to nitrophytic.     

A Socio-Ecological Assessment Aiming at Improved Forest Resource Management and Sustainable Ecotourism Development in the Mangroves of Tanbi Wetland National Park, The Gambia, West Africa

Although mangroves dominated by Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle are extending over 6000 ha in the Tanbi Wetland National Park (TWNP) (The Gambia), their importance for local populations (both peri-urban and urban) is not well documented. For the first time, this study evaluates the different mangrove resources in and around Banjul (i.e., timber, non-timber, edible, and ethnomedicinal products) and their utilization patterns, including the possibility of ecotourism development. The questionnaire-based results have indicated that more than 80% of peri-urban population rely on mangroves for timber and non-timber products and consider them as very important for their livelihoods. However, at the same time, urban households demonstrate limited knowledge on mangrove species and their ecological/economic benefits. Among others, fishing (including the oyster—Crassostrea cf. gasar collection) and tourism are the major income-generating activities found in the TWNP. The age-old practices of agriculture in some parts of the TWNP are due to scarcity of land available for agriculture, increased family size, and alternative sources of income. The recent focus on ecotourism (i.e., boardwalk construction inside the mangroves near Banjul city) received a positive response from the local stakeholders (i.e., users, government, and non-government organizations), with their appropriate roles in sharing the revenue, rights, and responsibilities of this project. Though the guidelines for conservation and management of the TWNP seem to be compatible, the harmony between local people and sustainable resource utilization should be ascertained.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-012-0248-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Numerical simulation of an array of fences in Saemangeum reclaimed land

This paper discusses about the quantitative effect of windbreak fences on wind velocity in the reclaimed land at Saemangeum in South Korea. Windbreak fences were constructed in the reclaimed land to reduce the wind velocity to prevent the generation and diffusion of dust. However, up to this time, no in-depth studies were conducted to quantitatively measure the effect of the windbreak fences on wind velocity thus an optimum windbreak structure is not yet determined. Using CFD simulations, the effects of fence porosity, fence height, and the distance between the adjacent fences were investigated. A wind tunnel experiment was initially conducted and data gathered were used to develop the CFD models. From the experiments and CFD simulations, the overall percentage difference of the measured velocities was 7.20% which is generally acceptable to establishing the reliability of the CFD models. The reduction effect on wind velocity was measured in between the adjacent fences up to a height of 0.6 m from the ground surface. In terms of porosity ( = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6), 0.2 was found to be the optimum value. Conversely, the effect of fence height (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m) showed no significant difference; therefore, 0.6 m height is recommended. In addition, the reduction effect of distance between the adjacent fences (2, 4 and 6 m) on wind velocity having a 0.2 porosity has decreased to about 75% regardless of the distance. In the case of the reclaimed land in Saemangeum, a decrease of 75% can prevent the generation and diffusion of dusts. However, the source of dusts is very large. Therefore, constructing an array of windbreak with 6 m distance between them is deemed necessary.