基于演化博弈的流域生态补偿利益冲突分析

资源合理利用与环境保护是维护当今经济平稳、健康、较快发展的重要前提。生态补偿是缓解经济快速发展与环境污染、生态环境破坏之间利益矛盾冲突的重要手段。它是为了制止生态破坏而征收或补偿的费用,所以不同于一般排污费和资源补偿费。本文根据补偿的类型不同,将生态补偿分为资源型生态补偿和环境型生态补偿。本文以流域生态补偿为例,将流域上游政府的策略简化为保护或不保护河流,下游政府针对上游的情况,选择"自主型"或"接受型",运用演化博弈的方法,分析流域生态补偿的特点和结果。结果表明:流域生态补偿需要中央政府的适度干预,而且关键点是保证上游地方政府收益始终最大化;中央政府干预的程度是使上游政府群的收益在保护的情况下比不保护的收益要大,而干预的结果则是使流域上下游的(保护,补偿)策略成为演化博弈的长期稳定均衡。最后本文针对我国现行流域管理体制,为我国流域生态补偿提供了政策建议,以推广我国生态补偿政策。     

政府支持垃圾焚烧发电的公共利益分析

阐述了垃圾焚烧发电的公共利益性质,政府支持垃圾焚烧发电是增进公共利益的必然要求,政府应构建支持垃圾焚烧发电常态机制,整合与垃圾焚烧发电相关各方力量,制定科学合理的正负激励政策,以期相关各方为垃圾焚烧发电的贡献最大化,有效增进公共利益。     

环境行政公益诉讼中检察机关与公众的合作机制研究

《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》的最新修改增加了检察机关提起行政公益诉讼的规定。从此前试点情况看,生态环境和资源保护案件在行政公益诉讼案件中占比最大,加之"生态文明"入宪,此类案件在今后一段时间依然会是行政公益诉讼的重点。制度虽已建立但落实千头万绪,检察机关面临诸多困境。在党的十九大提出的构建"全民共治"的环境治理体系框架下,基于此类诉讼的公益性,寻找公众与检察机关之间的合作空间,可以实现多赢。     

建立中国环境公益诉讼制度的理论准备

环境公益诉讼是经1981年马骧聪先生从美国等西方国家介绍引入中国,到2005年对该制度的介绍评价仍在继续。很多学者赞同我国引鉴美国公民诉讼制度用于环境公益诉讼。自1981至2005年,以环境公益诉讼为主题的研究共有期刊论文80篇、博士硕士学位论文40篇、会议交流论文12篇。在这些相关文作中,未见系统研究或专门研究环境公益诉讼的论文在法学权威刊物发表,也未见系统阐述环境公益诉讼制度或环境公益诉讼的专门著作,与环境公益诉讼制度建设相关或有内容涉及的著作仅3部。这些作品讨论了环境公益诉讼的概念,建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的必要性,环境公益诉讼制度的理论基础、原告资格、受案范围等重大问题和举证责任分配、诉讼费用负担、受诉法院、原告培养和原告激励、环境鉴定等细节问题。不可否认,我国学界、政界以及其他关心环境保护事业的人们为建立我国的环境公益诉讼制度做了有益的理论准备工作,但所做的理论准备却并不充分,表现为没有真正解决何谓环境公益这个基本认识问题,也即对何谓环境公益这个问题的回答模棱两可。正是因为建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的理论准备不充分,才有后来的制度建设实践中的一波三折。虽然人们对新《环境保护法》第五十八条倾注了无限的希望,但其中的"社会公共利益"与《民事诉讼法》第五十五条中的"众多消费者合法权益"实则同类。建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的最近路线是仿照美国《清洁水法》等法律设置公民诉讼条款的方式,在修改《水污染防治法》等单行环境法时添加支持环境公益诉讼的内容。     

Serving the Common Interest in U.S. Forest Policy: A Case Study of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act

In the United States, the common interest often is conceived as a by-product of the pluralist, interest-group-driven democratic process. Special interests dominate in many political arenas. Consequently, we have lost the language, vocabulary, and ability to talk about the common interest. The way to reverse this trend is to develop and practice with new tools that allow us to articulate what we mean by the common interest in specific contexts. In this article, we leveraged the literature on procedural, substantive, and pragmatic decision making to illustrate how they work together to demonstrate whether and how the common interest was served in three case studies of Healthy Forests Restoration Act implementation on the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona. In two of the cases we found that the common interest was mostly served, while in the third case it was not. Our results raise questions about the ability of procedural criteria or substantive criteria alone to determine effectiveness in decision making. When evaluated together they provide a more complete understanding of how the common interest is or is not served.

The independent origin of a queen number bottleneck that promotes cooperation in the African swarm-founding wasp, Polybioides tabidus

When cooperation is based on shared genetic interests, as in most social insect colonies, mechanisms which increase the genetic similarity of group members may help to maintain sociality. Such mechanisms can be especially important in colonies with many queens because within-colony relatedness drops quickly as queen number increases. Using microsatellite markers, we examined the Old World, multiple-queen, swarm-founding wasp Polybioides tabidus which belongs to the ropalidiine tribe, and found that relatedness among the workers was four times higher than what would be expected based on queen number alone. Relatedness was elevated by a pattern of queen production known as cyclical oligogyny, under which, queen number varies, and daughter queens are produced only after the number of old queens has reduced to one or a very few. As a result, the queens are highly related, often as full sisters, elevating relatedness among their progeny, the workers. This pattern of queen production is driven by collective worker control of the sex ratios. Workers are three times more highly related to females than to males in colonies with a single queen while they are more equally related to males and females in colonies with more queens. As a result of this difference, workers will prefer to produce new queens in colonies with a single queen and males in colonies with many queens. Cyclical oligogyny has also evolved independently in another group of swarm-founding wasps, the Neotropical epiponine wasps, suggesting that collective worker control of sex ratios is widespread in polistine wasps. Received: 22 May 2000 / Revised: 24 August 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

导游与旅行社的矛盾和谐分析

在分别对导游和旅行社调查的基础上，就目前旅行社业的高回扣伴随着旅游线路产品的低价格现象背后出现的导游与旅行社的矛盾进行了分析，提出了解决这一矛盾的建议，旨在促使导游与旅行社的关系协调发展。     

构建黑龙江省粮食利益补偿机制研究初探

黑龙江省是国家粮食主产区之一,近年来粮食生产取得了显著成效,然而,黑龙江省粮食主产区在自身区域经济发展中因政策性原因遭遇经济发展瓶颈。本文从分析保障国家粮食安全和发展区域经济的关系入手,论证了保障国家粮食安全和发展区域经济的对立统一关系,并着重分析了黑龙江省粮食主产区现在面临的区域经济发展窘境,结合十七届三中全会提出的加快实现粮食增产、农民增收、财力增强相协调,充分调动农民种粮、地方抓粮积极性的要求,提出了构建以粮食安全保障基金、商品粮调销补偿基金、耕地保护基金为主的黑龙江省粮食主产区利益补偿建议,最终实现保障国家粮食安全、富民增收、区域经济协调发展的目标。     

普通高校的音乐教学探讨

音乐教育对每个人的素质培养具有重要作用,但长久以来音乐教育都不被学校、学生所重视,在我国高校的音乐教育才刚刚起步。作者根据自身多年的高校音乐教学经验,认为高校的音乐教育关键是编订独具特色的音乐教材、开启学生的兴趣之门、施行兼收并蓄的教学方法。     

如何营造良好的课堂氛围

课堂氛围,通常也被称为课堂心理气氛.营造良好的课堂气氛有助于教与学双方感情交流通畅,激发学生学习兴趣,强化其思维活力,从而提高课堂教学效果.本文试从教学创新、和谐师生关系、灵活处理课堂问题三个不同的角度就如何营造良好的课堂氛围谈一点自己的见解.