基于公平性的水污染物总量分配基尼系数分析

基尼系数是经济学中对贫富差距量化评价的重要工具.从基尼系数的经济学内涵出发,将基尼系数的概念和意义应用于环境分析中.以全国2006年各地区的水污染物总量分配为例,应用基尼系数法分析了人口、国内生产总值、水资源量指标对水污染物总量分配的影响.根据计算出的中国2006年的水污染物总量分配基尼系数,对水污染物总量分配公平性进行量化分析并提出削减方案,最后得出合理的结论.     

通榆河南段控制单元最大日负荷估算及分配研究

以通榆河南段控制单元为研究区,利用现有的平原感潮河网区水量模型、面源污染负荷统计模型和水环境容量模型,估算研究区2010年污染物最大日负荷总量（TMDL）,并进行负荷削减和分配研究。结果表明：研究区COD、氨氮（NH3-N）90％保证率（2004年）下的水环境容量分别为7．76万t,0．37万t;xCN2010年污染物入河量,COD、NH3-N的最大年负荷分别为1．99万t,0．28万t。在研究区涉及的各县市中,海安、姜堰、东台是负荷削减的重点区域;对于不同的污染源,城镇生活点源和农业面源是研究区污染物总量控制的关键。     

流域排污权初始分配模型构建及应用研究——以淮河流域为例

流域排污权初始分配受环境现状、经济发展、社会公平、科技水平等多种因素的影响,将各因素细化成污染物入河排放量、河段长度、人均GDP、地区开发指数、非农人口比例、贫困地区倾斜指数、人口总量、出境断面水质达标率等指标,通过层次分析法确定指标权重,建立了流域排污权初始分配的综合模型。以淮河流域限排总量(COD、氨氮)为目标总量,以流域内各行政单元为主体,进行了初始分配模型的应用。在淮河流域排污权初始分配中环境现状、经济发展因素权重较大,而社会公平、科技水平权重较小。模型的分配结果既弥补了以往分配模型中片面强调某些原则的缺点,具有综合全面的特点,又通过指标权重的方式区分了影响大小不同因素的作用差异。     

A review of methods of public land ownership and allocation for housing in Iran

In the aftermath of the 1979 revolution, the new administration adopted a number of policies to address the question of land ownership, supply and allocation in order to tackle the acute shortage of housing in the urban areas. In 1982, the Five‐Year Urban Land Act was passed by the Parliament. Subsequently a body called the Urban Land Organisation (ULO) was set up to co‐ordinate the process of land preparation and allocation. The 1982 Urban Land act empowered the government to: (a) expropriate certain categories of abandoned urban land, and (b) to set a temporary time schedule of five years during which the act's work will be monitored.

This paper sets out to examine the policies related to urban land which have been introduced and implemented in the 1980s in Iran.     

Land Use/Cover Changes, the Environment and Water Resources in Northeast China

Land use/cover in Northeast China went through extensive changes during the 1990s. This report explores the interaction between these changes and the environment, and the implication of these changes for rational allocation of water resources. Two maps of land use/cover produced from 1990 and 2000 Landsat TM satellite images were overlaid in ArcInfo to reveal changes in land cover. Results indicate that farmland and grassland decreased by 386,195 and 140,075 ha, respectively, while water, built-up areas, and woodland increased by 238,596, 194,231, and 192,682 ha, respectively. These changes bore a mutual relationship with the environmental change. On the one hand, climate warming made some of these changes (e.g., conversion of woodland and grassland to farmland) possible. On the other hand, the changed surface cover modified the local climate. These changes, in turn, caused severe environmental degradation and increased flooding. The change between dry field and rice paddy, in particular, raised severe implications for the proper allocation of limited water resources in the Northeast. Efforts are needed to coordinate their rational allocation to reap maximum and sustainable return over the entire area, not just in some localities. Results obtained in this study should be of interest to the international audience of Environmental Management in that they highlight the interactive nature of human activities and the environment and the off-site impact of these activities on the environment.     

A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts into Existing Water Resource Management Practices1

Gong, Gavin, Lucien Wang, Laura Condon, Alastair Shearman, and Upmanu Lall, 2010. A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts Into Existing Water Resource Management Practices. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):574-585. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00435.x Abstract: Climate-based streamflow forecasting, coupled with an adaptive reservoir operation policy, can potentially improve decisions by water suppliers and watershed stakeholders. However, water suppliers are often wary of straying too far from their current management practices, and prefer forecasts that can be incorporated into existing system modeling tools. This paper presents a simple framework for utilizing streamflow forecasts that works within an existing management structure. Climate predictors are used to develop seasonal inflow forecasts. These are used to specify operating rules that connect to the probability of future (end of season) reservoir states, rather than to the current storage, as is done now. By considering both current storage and anticipated inflow, the likelihood of meeting management goals can be improved. The upper Delaware River Basin in the northeastern United States is used to demonstrate the basic idea. Physically plausible climate-based forecasts of March-April reservoir inflow are developed. Existing simulation tools and rule curves for the system are used to convert the inflow forecasts to reservoir level forecasts. Operating policies are revised during the forecast period to release less water during forecasts of low reservoir level. Hindcast simulations demonstrate reductions of 1.6% in the number of drought emergency days, which is a key performance measure. Forecasts with different levels of skill are examined to explore their utility.     

碳交易市场发展路径分析——以基础权利构造为视角

在国内外双重的减排压力下,我国碳交易市场逐渐发展起来。但是目前各试点却均陷入了市场发育不完善、行政色彩浓厚的困局之中。重新从基础权利构造的角度审视碳交易市场,可以看出排污权是碳交易市场的基石,排污权的交易价值是企业从事碳交易的直接动因,排污权的缺位是当前碳交易市场困局的重要根源。因此,必须通过排污权立法、部门法协调、建立交易信息登记平台、强化排污责任机制和提升减排技术等手段,构建起有交易价值的、受到公权力保护的排污权权利构造。     

基于DEA的我国能源R＆D经费配置评价研究

在对我国能源R＆D强度分析的基础上,运用DEA理论的C^2R模型对我国能源产业及其5个行业2001--2010年的R＆D经费投入、产出状况进行了实证分析。研究中用R＆D经费存量值来代替当年的R＆D经费值,得到各年的R＆D经费配置的相对效率和规模收益情况,找出R＆D经费配置配置存在的问题,有利于对我国能源R＆D经费的投人产出结构进行分析,提出优化国家能源R＆D经费配置的对策和建议。     

碳排放权初始分配公平问题探析简

排污权与碳排放权系包含关系,对碳排放权属性的定位主要集中在许可证论、用益物权论以及环境权论三个方面。通过对碳排放权初始分配公平问题的必要性分析,探析初始分配效率、分配模式的内在缺陷和行政权介入对初始分配公平的影响。从加强制度衔接、确定总量目标、主体资格审查和提高监测技术等方面予以完善,以实现初始分配公平。     

INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS IN RIPARIAN STATES: A CASE STUDY OF GEORGIA1

ABSTRACT: Under the riparian doctrine of eastern states, transfers of water to nonriparian lands and, thus, to different river basins, are only possible if the natural flow theory has been modified to allow for reasonable use. Even this adaptation is too nebulous to provide water managers and water users with certainty regarding water transfers. To provide a more precise mechanism for allocating water, 14 eastern states have adopted some form of administrative permitting process. Of these, five states statutorily allow for interbasin transfers of water. Thus far, no states have successfully issued permits for interbasin water transfers but Georgia and South Carolina are positioned to do so. Whether the permitting process will deter court action may rest on the ability of affected parties to negotiate an equitable agreement.