Sub-national level of participation in international environmental cooperation: the role of Shiga Prefecture for Lake Biwa environment in Japan

From a state-centric view, sub-national level of participation at the international level can be only feasible if it is an active part of national policy. In the case of Shiga prefectural government's initiative for international lake-environmental cooperation, however, sub-national actors came to see themselves as direct players in the absence of national policy. This study examines under what conditions and in what ways such sub-national level of participation takes place by conducting a case study of Shiga's collaboration with the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) over lake-environment risk reduction. The article finds that the process of Shiga's participation in transnational governance will have less chance of being duplicated effectively in other Japanese sub-national governments. Shiga's cooperation with the UNEP was primarily driven by the ad hoc bottom-up political mobilisation of the sub-national actors. In general, without institutionalised channels for sub-national governments to participate in the regional/international level, sub-national governments need to mobilise resources on such an ad hoc basis and only pioneering sub-national actors are capable of effectively engaged on unfamiliar territory with the formation process of transnational governance.     

Reflections on network governance in Africa's forestry sector

International forestry governance is an integral part of the global policy debates on how to prevent deforestation, illicit extraction, and unsustainable timber practices. Africa is an important producer of timber, yet the region is beset by a lack of capacity and other governance challenges in the management of its forestry sector. We employ a network governance analysis to examine the extent to which the evolution and operation of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and la Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale (COMIFAC) have addressed governance challenges. We assess the strengths and weaknesses of these two leading examples of international forestry governance by introducing recent evidence and insights from Africa. We conclude with a policy‐relevant discussion of how the FSC and COMIFAC might enhance authority, legitimacy, and effectiveness and improve forestry governance in Africa and other parts of the world.     

从安全防灾到韧性建设——国土空间治理背景下韧性规划的探索与展望

新形势下城市巨系统面临更多不确定性风险与未知扰动,要求安全防灾规划从目标对象、战略定位、技术手段与规划理念等方面做出适应调整,通过韧性城市建设引领区域安全稳定发展。对韧性城市的概念起源、理论发展与实践探索进行了梳理和评述,并结合我国“多规合一”后的国土空间规划体系改革,对空间治理背景下韧性规划的内涵特征、层级类型、流程形式与公共治理进行认识与思考;并从深化韧性城市的理论构建与机理研究、转变规划编制的设计思路和实践流程、完善韧性实践中的规划传导和尺度治理、关注韧性建设中的基层治理和公众参与四个方面,提出韧性规划的实践路径展望,力求有序推进我国城市公共安全现代化治理建设。     

环境空气监测子站气象仪器性能状况比对研究

气象监测是环境空气质量监测的重要组成部分,在环境空气质量精细化管理中发挥着重要作用.气象部门通常采用集中送检或现场校准的方式对气象仪器性能状况进行检查,但环保部门对监测子站气象仪器的相关性能检查还处于空白状态.结合国家环境空气质量自动监测网管理现状,研究采用现场比对方式进行气象仪器性能评估.试验过程中,温度、气压比对数...     

Understanding the synchronisms and anachronisms of the Columbia River Treaty in relation to the principles of international water law

Based on the theory of the politics of international law and the hermeneutic theory for international relations, this paper aims to demonstrate how the history and contextual changes within the Columbia River Basin have affected the underlying principles of the Columbia River Treaty with those of international water law.     

Case Study Comparing Multiple Irrigated Land Datasets in Arizona and Colorado,USA

While there are currently a number of irrigated land datasets available for the western United States (U.S.), there is uncertainty regarding in how they relate to each other. To help understand the characteristics of available irrigated datasets, we compared (1) the Cropland Data Layer (CDL), (2) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Irrigated Agriculture Dataset (IAD), (3) Digitized Irrigated Land (DIL), and (4) Consumptive Use for Irrigation (CUI) data in Arizona and Colorado, U.S. These datasets were derived from multiple sources at various spatial resolutions and temporal scales. We found spatial and temporal trends among all of them. The datasets showed decreases in irrigated land area in Arizona during the 2000–2010 time period. The change ranges and ratios were similar in all Arizona datasets. Irrigated land in Colorado decreased in DIL and CUI but increased in IAD and CDL. The agreement within the same type of dataset during different time periods was from 60% to 80% (R² from 0.35 to 0.72) in Arizona and from 50% to 80% (R² from 0.23 to 0.68) in Colorado. DIL had the highest agreement (80%) in both states. The agreement among different datasets acquired at approximately the same time frame ranged from 51% to 63% (R² from 0.14 to 0.31) in Arizona and from 47% to 69% (R² from 0.32 to 0.40) in Colorado. The results from this study support a greater understanding of the multiresolution and multitemporal nature of these datasets for various applications.     

区域大型环境空气综合观测中外场观测与实验室分析数据质量控制研究

环境监测的质量保证是监测数据准确性、可比性的重要保障.在区域大气联合观测项目中,完善的质量保证体系应包括管理机制和技术措施两部分,但目前我国对这类项目质量保证尚无统一标准.针对大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目（简称"大气攻关项目"）外场观测任务量大、承担单位多、监测项目复杂的特点,为保证观测数据的质量,避免出现由于监测和质控方法不统一造成的数据可比性差、结果矛盾的问题,提出了大气攻关项目质量保证体系和管理机制.其中,质量保证体系包括制定总体要求（技术文件、监测项目及质控要求）、外场观测质量保证（内部质量管理体系、项目外场观测质量保证体系）、实验室分析质量保证（实验室遴选、项目实验室分析多级质量保证体系、实验室比对和飞行检查）和数据质量控制（数据线上审核、项目实验室分析质控报告、项目数据质量评价）4个方面.管理机制为项目管理办公室、质控实验室和承担单位三级主体,两级监督的分级管理模式.通过项目实践,项目质量保证体系达到了保证观测数据准确性、可比性的预期效果,为揭示区域雾霾形成机理、突破污染控制关键技术提供了有力的技术支持,同时为区域大气联合观测项目的数据质量保证提供了借鉴.      

振动实验室比对探讨

目的把实验室比对应用到振动实验室。方法参考测量实验室比对的成熟方法,分析振动环境试验的特点及其与普通测量试验比对的区别。结果指出一般的测试实验室被测量是样品的客观属性,但是振动实验室的被测量由各实验室自己产生的振动及其时域频域属性。提出了振动实验室开展比对的初步方案,包括样品设计、试验项目和条件、比对试验组织、比对参数处理等。结论实验室比可以用于振动实验室,对评价振动实验室能力、评价多个振动实验室能力分布有重要作用。     

对新疆边境地区跨境环境问题的思考

新疆边境贸易的发展促进了新疆经济的发展,但是在发展的过程中也存在跨境水体污染、固体废物危险废物跨境转移、消耗臭氧层物质非法贸易、外来物种入侵、跨境保护区与野生动物跨境迁徙和沙尘等跨境环境问题,并针对性提出了相应的科技需求,旨在为新疆边境地区跨境环境问题的研究提供一些思考。     

机械冲击振打扁袋和脉冲圆袋除尘器性能对比

对脉冲对反吹圆袋除尘器和机械冲击振打扁袋除尘器进行了数字计算和分析对比,显示前者落后,后者先进,并对空气净化除尘及可预计的节能降耗目标进行了粗估。