生态工业技术的概念、特征及比较研究

基于工业生态学理论提出了生态工业技术的定义,即生态工业技术是指按照工业生态学和系统科学原理,把2个或多个生产过程或生产单元链接起来,形成结构和功能协调、资源和能源效率高、环境污染排放少、经济产出高效的工业共生体和复合型生态产业链网的方法和手段.在此基础上,从链接(或关联)性、资源效率、环境效应及经济效果等方面对生态工业技术的内涵和特征进行了剖析,比较分析了生态工业技术与传统工业技术之间在理论建构基础、创新目标、产业结构、资源代谢、环境绩效等方面的差异性.最后,选取"高炉渣生产水泥"典型生态工业技术进行了案例分析.      

中国国际河流可持续利用战略探讨

由于世界性的水资源问题 ,国际河流以其独特的地缘关系及与国际政治、经济的密切联系而受到关注。根据中国边疆地区主要国际河流的基本情况 ,探讨可持续利用的战略性对策。     

甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略探析

甲烷的全球变暖潜势是二氧化碳的72倍(20年水平),但其在大气中的寿命短于二氧化碳,可以作为优先减排对象。中国的甲烷排放十分突出,甲烷减排在应对气候变化国家战略中具有重要的基础性地位,然而在政策研究中,甲烷受到的关注程度远低于二氧化碳。本文基于甲烷排放研究的相关进展,首次系统性地论述了中国甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略之间的关系。主要结论是:甲烷排放的有效控制和减缓可以成为中国温室气体减排的重要组成部分,甲烷等温室气体的减排战略要用"系统减排"思路替代传统的"末端减排"思路;甲烷系统减排的策略和实施措施不仅需要重视主要排放部门(如煤炭开采与洗选业,农业)的直接末端减排,更需要突出强调建设活动、城市消费、资本投资和出口贸易等消费端的间接体现减排;在国际气候谈判中通过纳入甲烷排放,可以至少在五个方面丰富和支撑中国的国家立场,如从承诺"单位GDP二氧化碳减排"向承诺"单位GDP温室气体减排"转变。     

多瑙河国际水争端仲裁案对我国国际河流开发的启示

多瑙河水争端仲裁案是国际法庭首例仲裁解决的生态环境案例。在对该案的产生、发展及仲裁结论的分析与总结基础上,结合当今淡水资源日趋紧张,国际河流水资源的合理利用与管理已成为国际社会广泛关注的重要问题的现状,认为该案将对我国未来国际河流水资源的开发利用带来启示：加强对我国境内国际河流水资源的“国际”法制化管理;协调国家与地方、国家间的水资源利用目标,促进国际河流水资源的公平合理利用与保护;认识与了解我国国际河流水资源开发利用中的国际责任与义务;认识国际河流水资源的有限利用权与使用权;国际河流水资源公平合理利用权利受限于流域国家的合作基础;参与制定并实施国际河流区域性开发协定是实现国际河流管理与保护的重要条件等。     

某工业场地砷污染的加密布点优化与精度对比分析

场地污染调查是开展场地风险评估和修复的基础,随着我国颁布建设用地土壤风险管控标准等文件,提出风险筛选值和管制值的分级管控体系,我国土壤污染调查工作对于精确掌握污染物浓度梯度及空间分布有了更高的要求,因而如何构建高效采样布点方法变得尤为重要.本研究以南京市某砷工业污染场地为例,开展了优化布点方法与调查精度的研究.首先,在初查数据的基础上,运用指示克里格的方法预测土壤污染概率,参考城市土壤背景值开展阈值设定,提取加密布点区域,之后结合场地历史生产资料与自然信息布设加密点位,最终将插值预测污染结果与非加密、均匀加密、真实情况结果进行对比,验证方法精度.结果表明：本方法符合国际中基于设计抽样以达到场地调查简单、经济、客观的理念,适用于数据存在明显空间相关性的场地;该方法获得的污染区域面积占比为8.32%,与8.57%的现实情况较为接近,但普通法得到的污染面积比相对未加密情况不升反降,可能的原因是在非污染区域增设点位会造成阈值边缘区域在模拟时往清洁区域偏移,污染区域被误判为清洁,反而造成结果偏差;在目前我国环境管理对超阈范围重点关注的背景下,该方法既能够节约布点成本,又精确化预测场地污染超标范围,为后续的场地修复和治理工作提供帮助.     

中外发展循环经济的比较分析

本文就中外发展循环经济的产生背景、发展内涵进行了对比,并简要分析了发达国家循环经济的主要特点,进而对我国发展循环经济提出应采取的措施和做法:一是调整产业结构和布局,建设符合循环经济要求的产业体系;二是健全政策机制,提供法规和制度保障;三是积极创建生态城市和村镇,推动资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设;四是加强宣传引导,营造全社会支持参与的良好氛围.     

The livestock revolution, food safety, and small-scale farmers: why they matter to us all

Global consumption, production, and trade of livestock products have increased rapidly in the last two decades and are expected to continue. At the same time, safety concerns regarding human and animal disease associated with livestock products are increasing. Efforts to increase public health safety standards aimed at legitimately reducing the risks of human and animal disease have focused internationally on standards to regulate the movement of livestock products. There is concern, though, that measures to regulate these standards internationally, such as the WTO SPS measures that in part aim to open international markets, may marginalize small-scale poor producers. The cycle of poverty they are trying to escape through livestock production may, in fact, widen, leading to increased global poverty, malnutrition, and disease. Developing and developed nations alike should be concerned with public and private efforts to address appropriate food safety policies to reduce the likelihood of this effect. Analysis of the impact on small-scale livestock farmers is needed, as well as solutions that consider joint public and private sector initiatives. Costly farm to table tracking systems are not an option, but locally orchestrated vertically integrated systems may have merit in reducing food safety risks and in providing small-scale farmers with increased access to markets, locally and internationally. Increased scientific and technical capacity, and training of WTO officials from developing nations is also needed.     

Development of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management System for the Black and Caspian Seas

Six Black sea and five Caspian sea riparian countries began their way to modern managerial practice at their coasts in 1990s of the previous century. For five Black sea and four Caspian sea countries the time has coincided with launching complicated transitional period from socialism to market economy. The most important activities were carried out within framework of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (CEP) Environmental Programs and resulted in National and Regional ICZM Reports (Coastal Profiles), ICZM Networks, Transboundary Diagnostic Analyses, Strategic Action Plans. The international assistance in ICZM development in the regions is very important, but the large specificity of the regions and countries required and keeps demanding improvement of the approaches, methods, criteria for efficiency and practical significance of the international activities. The paper analyses heritage, current situation and possible prospects of ICZM development in the regions under consideration. During the last decade, important steps have been taken for the improvement of managerial process at the Black and Caspian seas countries coasts, but the clear need should be emphasized now to move from planning to implementation stage. Among the main findings of this stage are: ICZM is very difficult for real implementation and takes years, it needs proper understanding, and it has to be implemented using both top-down and bottom-up approaches, it has to be implemented using all possible tools and procedures. At the moment the use of sustainable development approaches to the coasts depends, in the first place, on social responsibility and vital motivation of certain key decision-makers, especially at provincial and local levels. Meanwhile, two recent events: (a) new activity in the Black sea region initiated by EU, and (b) launching of the long-waited CEP second phase – produce real infrastructural opportunities for moving forward.     

Predicting the distributions of marine organisms at the global scale

We present and evaluate AquaMaps, a presence-only species distribution modelling system that allows the incorporation of expert knowledge about habitat usage and was designed for maximum output of standardized species range maps at the global scale. In the marine environment there is a significant challenge to the production of range maps due to large biases in the amount and location of occurrence data for most species. AquaMaps is compared with traditional presence-only species distribution modelling methods to determine the quality of outputs under equivalently automated conditions. The effect of the inclusion of expert knowledge to AquaMaps is also investigated. Model outputs were tested internally, through data partitioning, and externally against independent survey data to determine the ability of models to predict presence versus absence. Models were also tested externally by assessing correlation with independent survey estimates of relative species abundance. AquaMaps outputs compare well to the existing methods tested, and inclusion of expert knowledge results in a general improvement in model outputs. The transparency, speed and adaptability of the AquaMaps system, as well as the existing online framework which allows expert review to compensate for sampling biases and thus improve model predictions are proposed as additional benefits for public and research use alike.     

INTERNATIONAL TRADE,ECO-LABELLING,AND SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES – RECENT ISSUES,CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES

Certification of where, when and how fish are caught is emerging as an important fisheries management tool. The history of eco-labelling in the fisheries sector is relatively short and actual experiences of eco-labelling are limited, although an emerging trend is shaping in European and US markets. Eco-labelling in fisheries gained increased impetus with the development of the non-government Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in 1996. This paper reviews the emerging importance of certification and eco-labelling in the fisheries sector, the development and operation of the MSC, identifying particularly the role of ‘third party certification’ as promoted by the MSC, and notes the opportunities and challenges for the MSC and eco-labelling in general.