Contrasting Global Trends in Marine Fishery Status Obtained from Catches and from Stock Assessments

Abstract: There are differences in perception of the status of fisheries around the world that may partly stem from how data on trends in catches over time have been used. On the basis of catch trends, it has been suggested that about 70% of all stocks are overexploited due to unsustainable harvesting and 30% of all stocks have collapsed to <10% of unfished levels. Catch trends also suggest that over time an increasing number of stocks will be overexploited and collapsed. We evaluated how use of catch data affects assessment of fisheries stock status. We analyzed simulated random catch data with no trend. We examined well‐studied stocks classified as collapsed on the basis of catch data to determine whether these stocks actually were collapsed. We also used stock assessments to compare stock status derived from catch data with status derived from biomass data. Status of stocks derived from catch trends was almost identical to what one would expect if catches were randomly generated with no trend. Most classifications of collapse assigned on the basis of catch data were due to taxonomic reclassification, regulatory changes in fisheries, and market changes. In our comparison of biomass data with catch trends, catch trends overestimated the percentage of overexploited and collapsed stocks. Although our biomass data were primarily from industrial fisheries in developed countries, the status of these stocks estimated from catch data was similar to the status of stocks in the rest of the world estimated from catch data. We conclude that at present 28–33% of all stocks are overexploited and 7–13% of all stocks are collapsed. Additionally, the proportion of fished stocks that are overexploited or collapsed has been fairly stable in recent years.     

长三角地区2000 — 2019年黑碳排放核算及其不确定性

基于国家能源活动统计资料,使用排放因子法建立了长三角地区2000—2019年黑碳排放清单,并利用Monte Carlo方法量化排放因子对黑碳排放核算的影响及不确定性。研究结果表明：（1）近20 a长三角地区总黑碳排放量由10.72×10⁷ kg（2000年）增加至12.54×10⁷ kg（2019年）,增长了16.98%;黑碳排放源结构发生显著变化,2000年居民生活是长三角地区最主要的黑碳排放源（占42.2%）;自2006年开始工业逐渐成为研究区最主要的黑碳排放源,2019年工业排放占长三角地区黑碳排放总量的63.2%。（2）长三角地区黑碳排放存在明显的空间分异。总体而言,江苏省黑碳排放总量和人均黑碳排放强度居长三角地区首位,安徽省单位GDP黑碳排放最高,上海市单位面积黑碳排放强度最高,而浙江省人均和单位面积黑碳排放强度最低。（3）考虑黑碳排放核算过程中排放因子的取值差异,2019年长三角地区黑碳排放总量为7.13×10⁷—14.49×10⁷ kg（95%置信区间）,相对不确定性为?33.50%—35.11%。工业排放因子是长三角黑碳排放核算不确定性的主要贡献者。     

典型化工行业有害VOCs排放清单及长三角地区应用

以美国加州和中国台湾有害挥发性有机物(HVOCs)排污收费物种为依据,筛选8种HVOCs物种,分别为苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、二氯甲烷、1,1-二氯乙烯和三氯乙烯,通过排放因子法,建立了2014年的长三角地区典型化工行业总VOCs排放清单,VOCs排放量为13. 55万t,结合工艺源项HVOCs物种排放占比,建立了长三角地区典型化工行业的HVOCs排放清单,2014年排放量HVOCs约为5. 24万t,其中占比最高的HVOCs物种为二氯甲烷和苯,HVOCs占VOCs排放较大的工艺源项为聚氨酯类树脂、烷基苯、乙苯、丙烯酸树脂、氯苯、乙苯、环己酮、乙烯及聚苯乙烯等的生产.     

四川省大气固定污染源排放清单及特征

根据收集到的四川省电厂、工业及民用部门的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了四川省2010年大气固定污染源排放清单.结果表明:12010年四川省固定源共排放SO₂ 84.1万t、NO_x 44.9万t、CO 318.8万t、PM₁₀ 44.1万t、PM_2.5 25.5万t、VOC 17.9万t;2电厂和工业过程是固定源排放的主要贡献源;3燃煤是固定燃烧排放的主要贡献源,煤矸石、焦炭、天然气对污染物的贡献也不容忽视,水泥、钢铁、轻工业制造是本地区主要的工业过程排放源;4宜宾、成都及攀枝花是固定源污染物的主要贡献城市,约占四川省总排放量的20%~40%;5电厂、能源工业燃烧清单的不确定性主要来自排放因子,而工业过程涉及排放源种类繁多且复杂,排放测试研究较少,不确定性较高.     

粤港澳大湾区飞机LTO污染排放因子及排放清单

针对2018~2019航季年粤港澳大湾区机场群,通过实际滑行时间修正和大气混合层高度对爬升/进近时间的修正,获得飞机主发动机排放因子和区内机场加权排放因子,同时考虑飞机辅助动力装置的排放,建立了区内飞机起飞着陆（LTO）污染排放清单.结果表明,区域内各机场污染物排放因子存在较大差异,主要来源于实际运行时间的修正以及各个机场不同的机型占比,其中NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂、PM 5类污染物的加权排放因子区内均值分别为17.58,8.60,0.79,1.37,0.15kg.排放量分别为15327.4,8066.7,728.4,1186.1,121.9t,绝大部分来自飞机主发动机排放.研究期内,NO_x排放量在年内呈现夏秋季高、冬春季低的变化趋势,其他污染物排放量变化较为平缓.所有污染物在各机场排放量的次序较为一致,香港、广州白云分列前两位.各机型中,区内NO_x及SO₂主要来自A320排放,所占比例分别为19.5%、17.1%;CO及HC排放占比最大的机型均为A321,分别为25.4%、27.2%;PM排放量占比最大的机型是B738,约为23.1%.     

天津市非道路移动源污染物排放清单开发

基于天津市非道路移动源污染管控需求,根据调研收集到的2015年非道路移动源活动水平数据,采用环保部《非道路移动污染源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》推荐的核算方法,建立较为完整的天津市非道路移动源排放清单,分析污染物的时空分布.2015年,天津市非道路移动源排放CO 6.15×10~3t、HC 2.45×10~3t、NO_x2.90×10~4t、PM 1.45×10~3t、SO_21.37×10~4t.船舶污染物排放占比最高,为所有非道路移动源污染物排放总量的73.66%,主要分布于天津港区;其次是非道路移动机械,占21.66%,主要分布于市郊种植业和养殖业区县、城市建设和人群活动较为密集的城区;民航飞机和铁路机车占比较小,分别为3.55%和1.13%,主要分布于机场和铁路沿线.总体上,非道路移动源从3月开始排放量逐渐升高,而年底和年初(冬季)排放量相对较低.     

海峡西岸地区人为源大气污染物排放特征研究

采用以"自下而上"为主的方法建立了2007年海峡西岸地区的人为源大气污染物排放清单.计算结果显示,海西地区人为源SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、VOCs和NH3排放总量分别为69.5×104、96.1×104、413.1×104、93.9×104、40.6×104、85.0×104和28.5×104t.电厂和工业燃烧设施分别占SO2排放的48%和39%,以及NOx排放的51%和25%.水泥、砖瓦等制造过程贡献了约51%的PM10排放和36%的PM2.5排放.秸秆燃烧、加油站和涂料等VOCs面源分别占到其排放总量的27%、15%和4%.NH3的主要排放源为畜禽养殖和氮肥施用等农业部门,占到总排放量的89%.海西地区的单位面积大气污染物排放量仅相当于长三角地区的25%左右,略高于全国平均水平.该地区人为源和天然源VOCs排放比重分别占56%和44%,人为源VOCs排放比重低于全国大部分地区.海西大气污染高排放地区主要集中在沿海一带,以泉州、潮汕、福州和温州等地区为主,建议"十二五"发展过程中,重点关注上述高排放地区,限制重点排放源的发展,开发低耗能、低污染的发展模式.     

The emission inventory of atmospheric industrial pollution sources of the five cities in Zhejiang Province

The amount of several air pollutants emitted in some cities including Hangzhou, Ningbo, Huzhou, Shaoxing and Jiaxing of Zhejiang Province is based on pollution source census data of Zhejiang Province in 2010. This paper focused on the release of air pollutants such as NO_x, SO₂, CO, PM2.5, PM10 and VOC, and calculated the total amount of those air pollutants. It analyzed air pollutant emission factors and found that the electricity and heat production industry released the largest amount of pollutants.     

Issues in reverse supply chains,part I: end‐of‐life product recovery and inventory management – an overview

Recovery of used products has become a field of rapidly growing importance in reverse supply chain management. Product recovery includes collection, inspection/separation, disassembly, reconditioning/reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. In real time situations, the collection of end‐of‐life (EoL) products from the customer and their return to the manufacturer is tedious and time consuming. Reduced product life cycles have increased the rate of product returns and disposals. Owing to shortened product economic life cycles, the recovery of value from EoL products is becoming a necessity. Companies have realised the value that they could recover by remanufacturing or recycling EoL products. Researchers have developed various models for product recovery network design, optimal inventory, production planning and control, remanufacturing, recycling, disposal, etc. The main purpose of this paper is to review the literature on EoL product recovery and inventory management issues in reverse supply chains and to outline some future directions for research on these issues.     

基于AIS数据的长江口船舶排放清单研究

为了研究繁忙水域的船舶排放清单,基于船舶自识别系统(Automatic Identification System,AIS)的数据建立了针对不同船型的船舶排放计算模型。先根据AIS数据中包含的船舶尺度数据计算各类船型的发动机功率,然后运用基于AIS数据的模型计算船舶排放清单及排放分担率,最后对船舶排放的空间分布进行分析。以2010年长江口水域的船舶交通流数据为基础,计算该水域的船舶排放清单,结果表明:1)在各类船舶废气排放物中,CO2排放量最多,NOx和SOx次之,N2O最少,结果合理可信;2)各类船型的排放分担率分别为5.36%(客船)、6.59%(散货船)、51.47%(集装箱船)、15.95%(油船)、5.37%(渔船)、15.27%(其他船型);3)船舶排放聚集区主要是长江口的南、北槽航段及其附近的码头水域。