基于树种蓄积量的中国森林VOC排放估算

以中国森林优势树种为对象,应用《全国森林资源统计》提供的林分优势树种蓄积量资料和Guenther提出的光温影响模型,估算各优势树种的VOC排放量,建立了中国森林生态系统的VOC排放清单,并探讨了森林源VOC在不同时空和不同龄级林分中的分配规律.结果表明,中国森林VOC总排放量为8 565.76 Gg,其中异戊二烯5 689.38 Gg(66.42%),单萜烯1 343.95 Gg(15.69%),其他VOC 1 532.43 Gg(17.89%);不同树种的VOC排放量差异较大,栎类、云杉、马尾松等为主要贡献树种,贡献率分别为45.22%、6.34%和5.22%;西南和东北地区为中国森林VOC主要排放区域,云南、四川、黑龙江、吉林、陕西5省排放最多,分别占全国总量的15.09%、12.58%、10.35%、7.49%和7.37%;森林VOC排放存在非常强的季节性变化,夏季排放量最大,占全年的56.66%;不同龄级林分对VOC排放的贡献有所不同,中龄林贡献最多,占森林排放总量的38.84%.     

长江三角洲地区人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据各类氨排放源的活动水平和排放因子,估算了2004年长江三角洲地区16个城市的氨排放量.结果表明,2004年长三角地区氨排放量为460.68kt,其中,氮肥使用和畜牧源是两个最大排放源,氨排放量分别为227.33kt和203.28kt,分别占长江三角洲地区氨排放总量的49.3%和44.1%,氨排放在长三角地区各城市间有较大差异,排放量超过40kt·a-1的城市为南通市、上海市、嘉兴市和泰州市,这4个城市的氨排放总量约占长三角地区氨排放量的42.5%.长江三角洲地区氨平均排放强度为4.20t·km-2·a-1,排放强度超过6t·km-2·a-1的城市为嘉兴市、南通市、泰州市和上海市,其中,嘉兴市的排放强度最大,为10.83 t·km-2·a-1.     

Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in sediments and paddy soils from Liaohe River Basin, China: Levels, distribution and mass inventory

Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) are two kinds of brominated flame retardants and widely present in the environment and biota. The levels,spatial distributions and mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA were investigated in sediments and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin in northeast China. The concentrations of ΣHBCD and TBBPA were in the range of not detected(nd) to 4.02 ng/g dry weight(dw) and 0.03 to 4.06 ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominated in sediments,while the abundance of α-HBCD was relatively high in paddy soils. The spatial distributions of HBCD and TBBPA in surface sediments and paddy soils indicated that the local point-input was their major source. The significant correlation between total organic carbon(TOC) contents and the HBCD levels suggested that TOC content also exerted an influence on the distribution of HBCD in sediments. Meanwhile, it was found that the irrigation with river water was not the major transportation pathway of HBCD and TBBPA in paddy soils. Based on the study, it was estimated that there were about 1.67 tons HBCD and 2.20 tons TBBPA deposited into sediments of the Liaohe River system every year. The total mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA in sediments were far higher than that in paddy soils.     

苏州市人为源氨排放清单及其分布特征

通过调研分析苏州大市范围内的农业、工业、生活及交通等相关活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了2013年苏州市人为源氨排放清单. 结果表明:2013年苏州市人为源氨排放总量为22 020.18 t,排放强度为3.06 t/km2;畜禽养殖、工业源、氮肥施用是苏州市氨排放的主要来源,排放量分别为8 080.99、7 103.50、4 841.23 t,共占氨排放总量的90.94%. 其中,工业源的氨排放分担率为32.25%,高于全国平均值,火电行业和化肥制造行业的氨排放占工业源排放总量的90.14%,烟气脱硝过程的氨逃逸值得关注;在畜禽源中,肉鸡和生猪是最大的氨排放源,二者排放量分别占畜禽养殖氨排放总量的42.59%和37.14%. 太仓、张家港、常熟依次为苏州市氨排放量和排放强度最大的3个地区,共占氨排放总量的69.02%,苏州市区氨排放量位列第四但排放强度最低. 空间分布特征表明,苏州市东北部氨排放较集中,中部排放量较小,周边地区特别是沿江县级市的排放量较大. 研究显示,氨排放清单的建立可为苏州市氨排放控制提供基础数据.      

Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products

With the objective of reducing the large uncertainties in the estimations of emissions from crop residue open burning, an improved method for establishing emission inventories of crop residue open burning at a high spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° and a temporal resolution of1 month was established based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) Thermal Anomalies/Fire Daily Level3 Global Product(MOD/MYD14A1). Agriculture mechanization ratios and regional crop-specific grain-to-straw ratios were introduced to improve the accuracy of related activity data. Locally observed emission factors were used to calculate the primary pollutant emissions. MODIS satellite data were modified by combining them with county-level agricultural statistical data, which reduced the influence of missing fire counts caused by their small size and cloud cover. The annual emissions of CO_2, CO, CH_4,nonmethane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs), N_2O, NO_x, NH_3, SO_2, fine particles(PM2.5),organic carbon(OC), and black carbon(BC) were 150.40, 6.70, 0.51, 0.88, 0.01, 0.13, 0.07, 0.43,1.09, 0.34, and 0.06 Tg, respectively, in 2012. Crop residue open burning emissions displayed typical seasonal and spatial variation. The highest emission regions were the Yellow-Huai River and Yangtse-Huai River areas, and the monthly emissions were highest in June(37%).Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of within ±126% for N_2O to a high of within ± 169% for NH_3.     

Numerical model to quantify biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: The Pearl River Delta region as a case study

This article compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions estimated using model methods in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, one of the most developed regions in China. The developed history of BVOC emission models is presented briefly and three typical emission models are introduced and compared. The results from local studies related to BVOC emissions have been summarized. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that local researchers conduct BVOC emission studies systematically, from the assessment of model inputs, to compiling regional emission inventories to quantifying the uncertainties and evaluating the model results. Beyond that, more basic researches should be conducted in the future to close the gaps in knowledge on BVOC emission mechanisms, to develop the emission models and to refine the inventory results. This paper can provide a perspective on these aspects in the broad field of research associated with BVOC emissions in the PRD region.     

Monitoring of the Phytosanitary State of Navarra's Forests, Spain

Between 1988 and 1993 six surveys on the condition of forests in Navarra (North Spain) were carried out. The results, relating to 408 trees in 17 sampling points, showed that the overall percentage of damaged trees increased from 2.86% in 1988 to 18.6% in 1993, which indicates a general large-scale deterioration of forest condition. Among the most common groups of trees, the most severely affected species were Quercus faginea, Quercus robur and Pinus sylvestris. Furthermore, it was observed that defoliation and discoloration processes did not occur randomly between stand trees, but the trees that were damaged one year (1992) were more predisposed to suffer damage in the next year (1993).     

城市空气质量达标规划编制中的关键技术及其案例应用

本文结合重庆市空气质量限期达标规划编制案例,介绍了城市空气质量达标规划编制中的几个关键技术及其具体应用,包括本地化污染源排放清单编制、污染物来源解析、污染物排放形势预测与减排潜力分析以及大气环境容量核算等。本地化污染源排放清单是城市空气质量达标规划编制的基础,针对现有污染源制定科学合理的减排方案是达标规划的核心内容。分析不同区域的污染物组分浓度特征、污染源贡献以及未来污染排放形势预测,有助于识别出制约未来空气质量达标的关键因素及污染源。基于污染源减排潜力和污染传输矩阵制定的污染源减排方案更具合理性和可行性,应用空气质量模型估算大气环境容量可为规划目标可达性提供依据。     

西宁市农牧源氨排放清单及其分布特征

以西宁市为研究区域,通过实地调研获得西宁市农牧源活动水平数据,利用排放因子法编制了西宁市2018年农牧源氨排放清单.分析了西宁市农牧源氨排放特征,利用ArcGIS进行3 km×3 km的空间网格化分配,利用蒙特卡罗模拟对畜禽养殖和氮肥施用氨排放清单进行不确定性分析.结果表明,西宁市2018年农牧源氨排放总量为4 644...     

环黄渤海地区土壤介质中PFOS网格排放清单估算及不确定性分析

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是一种《斯德哥尔摩公约》所列的持久性有机污染物.加强对土壤中PFOS排放的合理认识,并追踪其污染源,对减少和控制土壤中污染物具有重要意义.然而,很少有研究涉及土壤介质中PFOS生命周期排放清单.基于PFOS生命周期评价法构建了 2018年环黄渤海地区各污染源排放到土壤介质中的PFOS排放因子,估...