In situ phytoremediation of arsenic- and metal-polluted pyrite waste with field crops: effects of soil management

Sunflower, alfalfa, fodder radish and Italian ryegrass were cultivated in severely As-Cd-Co-Cu-Pb-Zn-contaminated pyrite waste discharged in the past and capped with 0.15 m of unpolluted soil at Torviscosa (Italy). Plant growth and trace element uptake were compared under ploughing and subsoiling tillages (0.3 m depth), the former yielding higher contamination (∼30%) in top soil.Tillage choice was not critical for phytoextraction, but subsoiling enhanced above-ground productivity, whereas ploughing increased trace element concentrations in plants. Fodder radish and sunflower had the greatest aerial biomass, and fodder radish the best trace element uptake, perhaps due to its lower root sensitivity to pollution. Above-ground removals were generally poor (maximum of 33 mg m⁻² of various trace elements), with Zn (62%) and Cu (18%) as main harvested contaminants. The most significant finding was of fine roots proliferation in shallow layers that represented a huge sink for trace element phytostabilisation.It is concluded that phytoextraction is generally far from being an efficient management option in pyrite waste. Sustainable remediation requires significant improvements of the vegetation cover to stabilise the site mechanically and chemically, and provide precise quantification of root turnover.     

一种兼顾水质目标和成本投入的流域减排措施优化方法

综合考虑断面水质及治污成本,构建流域治污减排措施优化模型,分析单位污染物去除成本与断面水质改善间的关系,并以承德市武烈河流域治污减排优化为例,绘制治污减排措施优化曲线,提出优化方案。结果表明,在达到流域水质要求的情况下,优化后,治污减排项目由34项缩减到22项,平均单位COD去除成本由1.44万元/t下降到0.65万元/t,同时实现了流域水质达标和降低投入成本的要求。     

Elasticity Ratio of Resource Consumption and the Resource Consumption

Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers would pay much more attention to reducing the consumption of natural resources in the future. Therefore this paper brings foreword the conception of elasticity ratio of resource consumption based on the concept of elasticity and analyzes the relationship between the parameters. For the certain relationships between the elasticity ratio of resource consumption and resource consumption, this paper will try to reveal, to keep economy growing while resource consumption reducing, what conditions should be met as to the relationships among resource productivity, its growth rate, energy saving efficiency, economic growth rate and elasticity ratio of resource consumption. This paper proves the relationship between the China＇s energy consumption and economy growth using statistic data from 1978 to 2003.     

水土匹配、空间效应及区域农业经济增长——基于中国2003-2013的经验分析

水资源和土地资源是非常重要的自然资源,是农业经济发展不可或缺的物质要素。水资源与土地资源的合理匹配能够促进区域的资源优势转化为经济增长,从而促进区域农业经济发展。我国是一个人口众多的农业大国,同时也存在水资源与土地资源短缺的问题。本文结合我国农业水土资源自然禀赋与实际利用情况,首先利用中国2003-2013年的分省数据,选取单位耕地面积的广义农业水资源量测度方法和当量系数描述了我国农业水土资源匹配的现实,发现我国农业水资源与土地资源在空间上匹配程度不高,农业生产受到水土资源约束较强,农业水土资源的形成区域与消耗区域在空间上不相匹配;然后,在邻接权重矩阵下采用Moran’s I指数验证我国区域农业经济增长的空间关联性,结果显示我国各省农业经济增长存在显著的空间关系,呈现出高度的集聚性和非均质性。为避免估计结果有偏,本文在此基础上采用空间计量建模及估计方法,加入农业生产人、财、物等控制变量,测度水土匹配度对区域农业经济增长的空间溢出效应。结果显示,水土匹配度对区域农业经济发展的区域内和区域间的溢出效应都显著为正,总体上水土匹配度对区域农业经济发展具有正向的溢出效应,即水土匹配度对本地区农业经济增长具有促进作用;同时,由于相邻区域的水土资源自然禀赋条件类似,而且农业生产中存在"示范效应"和"模仿效应",水土匹配度对相邻地区农业经济增长也具有一定的促进作用。因此,采取相关措施优化农业水土资源匹配关系,对促进我国区域农业经济增长,保障我国粮食安全非常重要。     

经济增长压力下金融集聚对碳排放效率的影响

“双碳”目标是推动中国经济社会绿色低碳和高质量发展的重要抓手。金融业是现代经济的核心,在应对气候变化和绿色低碳发展方面发挥着重要作用。金融集聚是金融业的发展趋势和显著特征,其与绿色发展的关系受到广泛关注。文章首先构建包含金融部门和非金融部门的两部门产出密度模型,从理论机理上分析金融集聚对碳排放效率的影响;其次以2005—2018年中国省级面板数据为研究样本,采用非径向方向距离函数和SBM‑DEA模型测度省级碳排放效率,基于面板平滑转移模型实证检验金融集聚对碳排放效率的非线性影响;最后构建调节效应模型考察经济增长压力对两者关系的调节效应。研究发现：①金融集聚对碳排放效率具有显著的平滑转移效应。金融集聚处于较低水平时会抑制碳排放效率;随着金融集聚水平逐渐提高,会转而促进碳排放效率。②经济增长压力对金融集聚和碳排放效率之间的关系具有显著的调节效应。适度的经济增长压力正向调节金融集聚对碳排放效率的影响,且使得金融集聚的阈值提前;过度的经济增长压力负向调节金融集聚对碳排放效率的影响,且使得金融集聚的阈值延后。以上结论在替换被解释变量、变换估计方法、考虑受限变量、剔除直辖市样本及考虑内生性采用IV⁃Tobit模型再估计之后均成立。基于此提出：合理配置金融资源,积极发挥金融集聚的辐射作用,稳步提升金融服务实体经济的质量和效率;革新官员考核标准,做好经济增长目标的预期管理,引导形成契合地方发展现状的经济预期。     

基于综合模拟法的区域旅游投资预警研究——以河南省为例

旅游投资是推动旅游发展的重要力量,但旅游投资方向、投资规模等要和旅游发展阶段及旅游市场需求相吻合,为避免旅游投资"潮涌现象"的发生,需对旅游投资进行预警研究.本文采用综合模拟法,从旅游投资发展速度、旅游供求平衡、旅游投资内部均衡、旅游投资与区域经济协调性等4个指标类别出发,构建了旅游投资预警模型.运用该模型对河南旅游投资进行了实证研究,结果表明,河南旅游投资虽然基本上还处于健康区域内,但河南旅游投资已经初步显现出投资微热、投资增速过快、度假产品投资过热、旅游投资正逐步出现和区域经济不协调的现象.基于河南旅游投资现实,为避免投资泡沫,河南旅游急需制定合理的旅游产业投资引导和控制性政策,规范盲目的投资行为,避免旅游产品结构性过剩,从而实现河南旅游平稳可持续发展.     

可耗竭资源开采追加投资行为研究

目前,我国可耗竭资源开采回采率普遍较低,企业可以通过追加投资来提高资源的管理及技术水平,进而提高资源开采回采率,减少资源浪费.文中基于Hotelling横向差异化模型,构建了一个三阶段动态博弈模型,采用逆向归纳法的思路,分析了可耗竭资源开采企业追加投资的动态行为.首先在企业通过竞争形成的价格和市场份额给定的基础上,分析第三阶段实行价格歧视消费者的转移情况,得到两企业的竞争策略;接着将第三阶段的最优价格策略和利润考虑到第二阶段中,讨论两企业的价格竞争均衡问题,分别得到两企业的需求;最后将第二阶段的利润贴现到第一阶段,可得到企业追加投资的策略,给出了该动态博弈模型存在唯一子博弈完美纳什均衡的条件和企业最佳追加投资规模.研究结果表明,要使企业追加投资就必须要求追加投资的回报率足够高,当企业追加投资的回报率很高时,只要较小的追加投入就会产生较大的边际成本减少量,获得较大的竞争优势,甚至会将不进行追加投资企业挤出市场;当投资回报率给定时,企业追加投资的激励是取决于其耐心,即企业对未来收益关注越多,则追加投资的规模也越大.     

Thailand’s economic growth and structural development projections in the context of environmental control

Projections for 20 years of economic growth and change in the structure of the Thai economy were made for 180 sectors using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to compare the following four scenarios: (1) standard growth with infinite supply of factors, (2) finite land supply, (3) fixed use of agricultural chemicals, and (4) combined finite land supply with fixed use of agricultural chemicals. The computable projections suggest that the economic cost of hypothetical environmental control in agriculture is small and further weakened by urbanization. The computed structural development points to efficiency improvements specific to sectors to return the economy to balanced growth.     

Poverty,environment and economic growth: exploring the links among three complex issues with specific focus on the Pakistan’s case

Eradicating poverty, reducing environmental degradation and achieving sustainable economic growth are some of the major macroeconomic goals of Pakistan. There are, however, serious interlinkages among these issues. The present paper investigates these linkages and the existing evidence for Pakistan and other countries. The aim of the paper is to examine and test some hypotheses and answer some questions regarding poverty-environment-nexus in Pakistan. The paper uses secondary data and information to probe into these linkages. The paper finds that poverty leads to environmental degradation is a common belief but it is not clearly supported by evidence. What is more strongly supported by evidence is the fact that environmental degradation hurts more the poor. There is a need of studies that deal with the social and environmental impacts of specific factors, and a need of a better understanding of institutional dynamics. More understanding on how levels and changes in poverty relate to changes in environmental quality is needed. There is a need to understand how the levels and rates of change vary with poverty. There is a need to know how and where the changes are taking place. More research is needed on the effects of changes in the population and the dynamics of institutional development. It has been showed that low income groups are the most affected when environmental degradation occur, but not enough information available in Pakistan on the mechanisms. There is a need of empirical studies regarding effect on poor relative to non-poor. More understanding on how poor people depend on, interact with and use their environment in rural and urban areas is needed. Ideally, in Pakistan, we would need to relate data gathered in an area with socio-economic data from the same area, answering this way to questions such as, to what extent are different income groups affected by resource degradation? And, by pollution? Finally, Pakistan should apply open minded and innovative policies in order to take advantage of the many existing opportunities. Some suggestions are eco-labeling schemes, organic practices, fair trade and so forth. Very little research has been conducted in developing countries, especially in Pakistan on the issues involving poverty, environment and development. The present study is an attempt in this regard. The results of the study are expected to assume pivotal importance for policy makers, academics and other researchers. It may help policy makers how to design policy to ensure poverty alleviation vis-à-vis environmental conservation. It may also help academicians to understand the complex poverty-environment-growth nexus. It will also open new avenues for further research in this area.     

我国投资拉动的宏观成本分析

我国多年来坚持的是一种高投入、高消耗的投资拉动型增长模式．而高投资高增长则更多地以宏观成本积累为代价。未来投资的增速不仅取决于经济增长的预期目的．更多的取决于资金、技术、资源支撑和环境容量。通过对高投资高增长发展模式的高宏观成本分析，提出了贯彻落实科学发展观、促进经济方式转变的若干结论性建议。