赤潮异弯藻对黑鲷仔鱼的毒性研究

以黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)仔鱼致死率为指标,进行了赤潮异弯藻鱼毒性源起的探寻.分别就赤潮异弯藻细胞数、种群生长时期、去藻滤液、藻粉提取液的毒性特征进行了研究.实验结果表明:(1) 赤潮异弯藻藻细胞数越高,对黑鲷仔鱼的致死性越大.当藻细胞数达到105 /mL时,5 h内出现明显致死现象.毒性作用主要源于细胞外分泌物质.(2) 不同种群生长期的赤潮异弯藻去藻过滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的毒性存在差异:指数生长期产生的毒性相对较弱,平台期和衰亡期呈现显著的5 h急性致死作用.(3) 用活性炭对平台期和衰亡期的去藻过滤液进行吸附处理,可以使去藻过滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的5 h致死率明显减弱.但24 h致死率仍为100%.(4) 利用冻干藻粉溶液过滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的毒性实验结果发现:冻干藻粉溶液过滤液仍然呈现出与浓度相关的毒性作用特征,滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的24 h半致死浓度相当于每mL溶液中含0.1 mg的干藻粉形成的溶液浓度.赤潮异弯藻的细胞和生长水体中都具有典型的鱼毒性特征.     

亚硝酸盐氮对草鱼种耗氧率的影响及适应性研究

通过测定全血红蛋白和高铁血红蛋白及耗氧率，研究了草鱼种在NO－N作用下的生理变化和对NO－N的适应性,结果表明：ρ（NO－N）在O～4mg·L－1范围内可使草鱼种耗氧率增加，并于1mp·L－1和4mg·L－1处出现峰值和次峰值；经暴露处理的鱼种在恢复21d后，显示出对NO-N的适应性．     

鄱阳湖湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼出现的时间过程

作为长江仅存的两个通江湖泊之一,鄱阳湖在长江四大家鱼幼鱼的肥育方面有着重要意义。迄今为止,关于长江四大家鱼幼鱼进入鄱阳湖的相关问题仍不清楚。以鄱阳湖湖口水域为研究对象,分析湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼出现的时间过程。根据2007～2008年监测,湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼出现的时间集中在7、8月份,其中7月中下旬~8月底为青鱼、草鱼和鲢幼鱼的高峰期;而鳙幼鱼的高峰期在7月份。青鱼、鳙的体长主要为500～999 cm,草鱼、鲢以500～1499 cm的个体为主。此外,2007和2008年湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼均以鲢为主,鳙所占比例较小,且它们每天出现的数量都与湖口的水位呈正相关。这为深入研究长江四大家鱼幼鱼进入鄱阳湖的时间过程提供了基础资料。     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饥饿代谢研究

于1998年10～12月在华东师范大学生物学系动物学实验室,对体重为(1.42±0.69)g的幼蟹在(20±0.5)℃温度条件下进行饥饿实验,研究了饥饿对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹代谢的影响.结果表明,经过30d的饥饿处理,幼蟹的耗氧率降低为摄食状态的45.8%;CO2排出率减小为摄食状态的54.1%;NH3-N排泄率减小为62.3%.耗氧率和CO2排出率、NH3-N排泄率的变化差别较大,耗氧率和CO2排出率的减小可分为4个阶段,而NH3-N排泄率的减小仅可分3个阶段.与此同时,幼蟹的标准代谢水平同样受到饥饿的影响,饥饿30d后,由8.15Jg-1h-1减小为3.97Jg-1h-1;在饥饿幼蟹的代谢中,脂肪消耗最多,其次是碳水化合物.图2表2参18     

Use of sibling relationship reconstruction to complement traditional monitoring in fisheries management and conservation of brown trout

Declining trends in the abundance of many fish urgently call for more efficient and informative monitoring methods that would provide necessary demographic data for the evaluation of existing conservation, restoration, and management actions. We investigated how genetic sibship reconstruction from young‐of‐the‐year brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) juveniles provides valuable, complementary demographic information that allowed us to disentangle the effects of habitat quality and number of breeders on juvenile density. We studied restored (n = 15) and control (n = 15) spawning and nursery habitats in 16 brown trout rivers and streams over 2 consecutive years to evaluate the effectiveness of habitat restoration activities. Similar juvenile densities both in restored and control spawning and nursery grounds were observed. Similarly, no differences in the effective number of breeders, N_b(SA), were detected between habitats, indicating that brown trout readily used recently restored spawning grounds. Only a weak relationship between the N_b(SA) and juvenile density was observed, suggesting that multiple factors affect juvenile abundance. In some areas, very low estimates of N_b(SA) were found at sites with high juvenile density, indicating that a small number of breeders can produce a high number of progeny in favorable conditions. In other sites, high N_b(SA) estimates were associated with low juvenile density, suggesting low habitat quality or lack of suitable spawning substrate in relation to available breeders. Based on these results, we recommend the incorporation of genetic sibship reconstruction to ongoing and future fish evaluation and monitoring programs to gain novel insights into local demographic and evolutionary processes relevant for fisheries management, habitat restoration, and conservation.     

Interactive Effects of Water Diversion and Climate Change for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Lemhi River Basin (U.S.A.)

The combined effects of water diversion and climate change are a major conservation challenge for freshwater ecosystems. In the Lemhi Basin, Idaho (U.S.A.), water diversion causes changes in streamflow, and climate change will further affect streamflow and temperature. Shifts in streamflow and temperature regimes can affect juvenile salmon growth, movement, and survival. We examined the potential effects of water diversion and climate change on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a species listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). To examine the effects for juvenile survival, we created a model relating 19 years of juvenile survival data to streamflow and temperature and found spring streamflow and summer temperature were good predictors of juvenile survival. We used these models to project juvenile survival for 15 diversion and climate‐change scenarios. Projected survival was 42–58% lower when streamflows were diverted than when streamflows were undiverted. For diverted streamflows, 2040 climate‐change scenarios (ECHO‐G and CGCM3.1 T47) resulted in an additional 11–39% decrease in survival. We also created models relating habitat carrying capacity to streamflow and made projections for diversion and climate‐change scenarios. Habitat carrying capacity estimated for diverted streamflows was 17–58% lower than for undiverted streamflows. Climate‐change scenarios resulted in additional decreases in carrying capacity for the dry (ECHO‐G) climate model. Our results indicate climate change will likely pose an additional stressor that should be considered when evaluating the effects of anthropogenic actions on salmon population status. Thus, this type of analysis will be especially important for evaluating effects of specific actions on a particular species. Efectos Interactivos de la Desviación del Agua y el Cambio Climático en Individuos Juveniles de Salmón Chinook en la Cuenca del Río Lemhi (E.U.A.)     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及消油剂对刺参幼参的急性毒性

为探究表面活性剂对海洋棘皮动物的影响,测定了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和消油剂对刺参(Stichopus japonicas )幼参的急性毒性。结果显示,SDBS对刺参幼参的72 h-LC₅₀和96 h-LC₅₀分别为2.50和1.71 mg·L^-1;消油剂对刺参幼参的96 h-LC₅₀为7 498.94 mg·L^-1。刺参幼参相对于多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa )和脊尾白虾仔虾(Palaemon carincauda )对SDBS的敏感性较高,相对于安氏伪镖水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus annandalei )对SDBS的敏感性则较低,SDBS对刺参幼参的毒性明显大于十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS),消油剂的96 h-LC₅₀ 远远大于SDBS和SDS,毒性非常小,但这仅是对刺参幼参而言,大多数研究忽视了消油剂自身对生物体存在的影响,因此这方面的研究工作还需要继续开展。     

乙炔基雌二醇对真鲷幼鱼的雌激素效应研究

采用静态暴露方式研究17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE_2)对真鲷(Pagrosomus major)幼鱼的雌激素效应.当真鲷幼鱼暴露于0.01、0.1、0.5 μg/L EE_2,42 d后,真鲷幼鱼的肥满度极显著下降;血浆中卵黄蛋白原(Vtg)被诱导产生,肝胰脏指数(HSI)和血浆蛋白总量极显著升高;血浆雌二醇(E_2)和睾酮(T)水平显著降低,其中血浆雌二醇受EE_2的干扰更显著,降低的幅度更大.结果提示,真鲷幼鱼的肥满度、肝胰脏指数、血浆蛋白总量、血浆性激素水平等可作为评估EE_2等环境内分泌干扰物毒性效应的生物指标;真鲷幼鱼血浆中的Vtg具有作为生物标志物,用于监测海洋水体中EE_2等环境内分泌干扰物的潜力.