基于RS和GIS的干旱荒漠区域土壤侵蚀动态监测与评价

为建立土壤侵蚀动态变化数据库,本文以土地利用数据、植被覆盖指数、最大风速等值线图和DEM数据为信息源,对干旱荒漠区新疆克拉玛依市2000年和2007年的土壤侵蚀状况进行了动态监测与评价。结果表明,受自然条件和人类活动影响,8年间克拉玛依市土壤侵蚀强度有所增加,变化区域主要集中在克拉玛依市中部平原区。该方法的应用实现了土壤侵蚀的定时定量评价。     

喀斯特小流域内不同背景区植物解剖结构与植物叶片δ13C的关系研究

本文应用光学显微镜和电子扫描显微镜的方法测量了生长在贵州省清镇市王家寨小流域内不同背景区(喀斯特与非喀斯特)11种植物的叶片解剖结构,比较了不同背景区整体植物以及各样地之间相同植物的叶片解剖结构与其δ13C值的相关关系。研究结果表明,研究区内所有植物从非退化到退化过程中的叶片解剖结构与δ13C值呈现显著的正相关关系,喀斯特背景区的竹叶椒和小叶鼠李,非喀斯特背景区的粉枝莓、油茶和构树的叶片解剖结构与δ13C值也呈现显著的正相关关系,喀斯特背景区与非喀斯特背景区植物具有比较一致的变化趋势,而生长在两背景区的同种植物叶片解剖结构和δ13C值均无显著性差异。这说明了在本研究小流域内,由于光、热、水、气等外部影响因素的一致性,不同背景区从非退化样地到退化样地的发展过程中,植物叶片的解剖形态特征为了适应环境的改变而产生了相同的响应趋势,这些响应变化均与植物叶片的δ13C值具有正相关关系,尤其是石漠化样地上的植物叶片解剖形态特征以及其δ13C值对生境条件的响应是最迅速和最敏感的。     

岩溶坡地土壤空间异质性的表述与调查方法——以贵州清镇市王家寨坡地为例

讨论了岩溶坡地土壤空间异质性的表述与调查方法,选取了地表石质土地面积比例及空间分布和土壤厚度及空间分布两个方面作为土壤空间异质性的表述内容,引入了地块破碎度、离散度、变异函数等指标;以王家寨为例,研究发现岩溶坡地土石比、破碎度、离散度、土壤厚度等指标从坡顶到坡下逐渐增大;石质地块破碎度在微观地块上表现为值越大地块越完整,是否与研究尺度有关还需要进一步论证;土壤厚度变异系数基本在1~1.5之间,与土壤厚度变程和土壤平均厚度有关;最后用土壤侵蚀的原理解释了岩溶坡地土壤空间异质性。     

茂兰喀斯特原生林不同地球化学环境的植物物种多样性

中国西南岩溶区是中国生物多样性分布中心之一。该区生态系统不断退化,生物多样性大量丧失,不同喀斯特地球化学背景下植被恢复的速度与成林性质存在明显差异。我们在最有代表性之一的贵州茂兰喀斯特森林保护区选取纯灰岩和纯白云岩两种岩性的喀斯特环境,对其元素地球化学特征及其中原生性植物群落的相异性和物种多样性进行了对比,结果发现:①不同岩性区域多样性:乔木层和灌木层为纯灰岩区>纯白云岩区,草本层为纯白云岩区>纯灰岩区,总体上纯灰岩区的高于纯白云岩区的;②各样地间的相似性系数都很低,相同岩性类型内的明显高于不同岩性类型之间的相似度;物种周转率高,且白云岩区高于石灰岩区,种类组成差异明显;③喀斯特区可溶岩地球化学背景通过喀斯特作用导致特殊的地形条件与元素地球化学特征,并引起局部小生境的分异从而影响植物群落特征。     

土地利用方式对会仙岩溶湿地土壤真菌群落和功能类群的影响

研究土地利用对会仙湿地土壤真菌群落及其功能类群特性的影响,可以为湿地的保护提供理论依据.以芦苇湿地(PCW)、华科拉莎草湿地(CCW)、稻田撂荒地(APF)、稻田(PF)和玉米地(CF)为研究样地,采用高通量测序法对不同土地利用土壤真菌群落结构进行分析,利用FUNGuild数据库对真菌的功能类群进行预测.结果表明,PF和CF的Simpson指数和Shannon指数显著高于PCW和CCW;在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为5种土地利用的最优势菌,丰度为70.60%～87.02%,隐真菌门(Rozellomycota)为PCW的次优势菌,丰度为7.14%;担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为CCW、 APF、 PF和CF的次优势菌,丰度分别为9.70%、 5.19%、 8.13%和7.50%.在目水平上,PCW中最优势菌为格孢菌目(Pleosporales),丰度为16.47%; CCW、 APF、 PF和CF的最优势菌均为肉座菌目(Hypocreales),丰度分别为22.52%、 23.50%、 17.60和23.80%.在属水平上,PCW和CCW中的最优势菌分别为粪盘...     

鄂西丹水流域岩溶水流系统圈划与结构模式

鄂西丹水岩溶流域内碳酸盐岩与非碳酸盐岩的组合关系复杂,地表水与地下水的转化频繁,岩溶水资源开发利用评价难度极大.为服务后续岩溶区水资源开发利用和保护规划的编制,通过水文地质现场调查和分析的方法,在地球系统科学和水循环理论的指导下,提出丹水流域岩溶水流系统的划分方法.该方法遵从完整性和级次性原则,按照从整体到局部、从空间...     

特殊地形地貌区燃煤电厂灰场防渗对策

结合环评实例,介绍了位于特殊地形地貌区燃煤电厂灰场的防渗对策,主要包括位于风化灰岩区、喀斯特地貌区和湿陷性黄土区灰场的防渗措施,从而为特殊地貌区灰场周边水资源保护提供借鉴。     

Relation Between Flow and Temporal Variations of Nitrate and Pesticides in Two Karst Springs in Northern Alabama1

Abstract: Two karst springs in the Mississippian Carbonate Aquifer of northern Alabama were sampled between March 1999 and March 2001 to characterize the variability in concentration of nitrate, pesticides, selected pesticide degradates, water temperature, and inorganic constituents. Water temperature and inorganic ion data for McGeehee Spring indicate that this spring represents a shallow flow system with a relatively short average ground‐water residence time. Water issuing from the larger of the two springs, Meridianville Spring, maintained a constant temperature, and inorganic ion data indicate that this water represents a deeper flow system having a longer average ground‐water residence time than McGeehee Spring. Although water‐quality data indicate differing short‐term responses to rainfall at the two springs, the seasonal variation of nitrate and pesticide concentrations generally is similar for the two springs. With the exception of pesticides detected at low concentrations, the coefficient of variation for most constituent concentrations was less than that of flow at both springs, with greater variability in concentration at McGeehee Spring. Degradates of the herbicides atrazine and fluometuron were detected at concentrations comparable to or greater than the parent pesticides. Decreases in concentration of the principal degradate of fluometuron from about July to November indicate that the degradation rate may decrease as fluometuron (demethylfluometuron) moves deeper into the soil after application. Data collected during the study show that from about November to March when recharge rates increase, nitrate and residual pesticides in the soil, unsaturated zone, and storage within the aquifer are transported to the spring discharges. Because of the increase in recharge, fluometuron loads discharged from the springs during the winter were comparable to loads discharged at the springs during the growing season.     

Select indicators and prioritize solutions for desertification and drought in Binh Thuan,Vietnam

The link between climate change and desertification is an important global problem for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The coastal provinces in Southern Centre Vietnam are strongly influenced by desertification, which is further exacerbated by climate change. The Delphi method was used to select sustainability indicators and then a method of an analytical hierarchy process was applied to prioritize sustainable solutions in Binh Thuan experts to elicit the causes and effects of desertification. According to the panel of 23 experts, 27 cause (e.g. rainfall and sunshine duration) and 22 effect (e.g. rice and agriculture) indicators were of particular importance to desertification and drought in the province. The highest priorities for cause are given to emigration, followed by income from industry and water supply for household use. The highest priorities for effect in the area are given to socioeconomic criteria, and in particular to the sub-criteria resettlement due to development projects, building hydropower reservoirs, and implementing irrigation schemes. The system of indicators provides useful information for the future studies. This study provides a means to uncover the most important criteria perceived as major contributors to desertification and as such enables policy-makers to prioritize solutions for Binh Thuan (Vietnam) by 2015 and a vision in 2020.     

西南喀斯特流域土地利用对河流溶解无机碳及其同位素的影响

河流溶解无机碳(DIC)作为流域碳循环的重要部分一直备受关注,其稳定同位素(δ13CDIC)能够反映DIC来源和转化过程,而其受土地利用变化的影响的研究还较为缺乏.为了研究喀斯特河流水体DIC和δ13CDIC的影响因素,在典型喀斯特流域赤水河进行了河水样品采集与分析.赤水河流域上游主要分布碳酸盐岩而下游分布硅酸盐岩,且...