鄂西南岩溶槽(盲)谷开发利用方案探讨——以宣恩县洗草坝岩溶盲谷为例

本文是在“西南岩溶地区地下水与环境地质调查项目”成果的基础上,以宣恩县洗草坝岩溶盲谷为例,依据其岩溶环境地质条件和岩溶水文地质特征及地方政府对其开发利用方案的要求,从地学角度对该岩溶盲谷开发利用方案的可行性进行了探讨。     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳动态的影响

对贵州茂兰自然保护区内三种典型土地利用方式(林地、草地和耕地)下土壤活性有机碳组分(土壤溶解有机碳和土壤微生物量碳)的月变化及其对环境因子的响应进行了研究,结果表明在不同的土地利用方式下上覆植被类型不同,其凋落物数量、质量及分解行为不同,有机质的输入量及质量也不相同,从而形成不同的土壤溶解有机碳含量差异,土壤有机碳的大小也存在较大差别。研究结果显示:从全年平均值来看,林地土壤溶解有机碳分别比草地和耕地高25%、48%;从3月到8月,三者均随气温的上升呈增加的趋势,林地和耕地在8月均达到最大值,而草地则在10月达到最大值;林地和草地土壤微生物量碳分别高于耕地81%和45%,林地和草地在10月达到最大值。不同的土地利用方式导致土壤活性有机碳的差异较大,这说明岩溶生态系统中土地利用方式对土壤碳库的大小有较大影响。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳对环境因子的响应也各不相同,这表明土壤活性碳受众多因素的制约而呈现出一种动态平衡关系,进一步的机理仍需要进行深入研究。     

土壤有机碳地球化学及其与岩溶作用的关系──以桂林丫吉村岩溶试验场为例

岩溶土壤有机碳地球化学研究表明：岩溶土壤是有机碳的巨大储库；土壤有机碳含量以松结态为主，紧结态次之，稳结态最少；土壤表层，鞍部、坡地土壤有机碳较活跃（较多松结态），为岩溶作用CO2的丰富来源。有机碳可氧化性分级分析表明：表层土壤有机碳中易氧化态占60－85％，A层土壤较B层更易被氧化；土壤来源CO2是岩溶驱动CO2的潜在动力。从鞍部－坡地－洼地，B层土壤有机磷可氧化性由弱到强递增。野外监测表明：在干、晴气候下，岩溶土壤CO2含量高且CO2释放速率大，岩溶作用欠发育；在湿雨气候下．岩溶土壤CO2含量及CO2释放速率急剧降低，岩溶作用发育；雨后转晴．岩溶土壤CO2含量及CO2释放速率逐渐增高，岩溶作用减弱。     

河北省坝上尚义县自然环境特征与沙化的关系研究

本文根据尚义县自然环境特征，气候变化及人文压力等方面进行分析研究与沙化的关系，结果表明，旱灾、风灾、人畜压力、过度开垦筹因素促使了沙化的发生与发展；较丰富水资源的开发利用，农林牧结构的优化调整，封山育林种草等天然条件与人为措施将使尚义县沙漠化过程得以稳定与逆转。     

运用能量10%定律恢复浑善达克退化生态系统

运用生态系统能量10%定律,在浑善达克沙地退化生态系统,按照高级营养级能量需求,在实验区域1%的土地上建立了高产高效饲料基地,以向上一营养级(草食动物)提供足够的能量。结果表明,牲畜的压力逐步向高效地(小范围的土地)集中,而大面积的退化草地(99%),在围栏保护后借助自然力逐步恢复。群落生物量、平均高度和总盖度2年后均随恢复时间增加而增加(P<0.05)。植被组成方面,恢复前固定沙地以冷蒿(Artemisiafrigida)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenssquarrosa)和寸草苔(Carexduriuscula)等为主,恢复2年后冰草(Agropyronmichnoi)、木地肤(Kochiaprostrata)等占优势;滩地植被中,羊草(Leymuschinensis)、披碱草(Elymusdahuricus)等逐步取代了灰绿藜(Chenopodiumglaucum)和尖头叶藜(Chenopodiumacumi-natum)等,优质牧草比例提高。生态恢复不仅使自然生态系统得以保护,而且带动了社会经济的发展,项目中的正蓝旗巴音胡舒嘎查牧民,在实验示范以前后,由每年每户投入1万元买草养畜转变为每户得到2万斤优质牧草;幼畜成活率约提高10%;产奶量100%,牧民收入提高了32%。实验表明,高产高效基地建成后,生态系统能量流动趋于稳定,占试验区域71%的退化草地得到了恢复,从而带动了该地的可持续发展。     

AGRICULTURAL LAND USE EFFECTS ON NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN A MATURE KARST AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: The impact on water quality by agricultural activity in karst terrain is an important consideration for resource management within the Appalachian Region. Karst areas comprise about 18 percent of the Region's land area. An estimated one-third of the Region's farms, cattle, and agricultural market value are on karst terrain. Nitrate concentrations were measured in cave streams draining two primary land management areas. The first area was pasture serving a beef cow-calf operation. The second area was a dairy. Nitrate-N concentrations were highest in cave streams draining the dairy and a cave stream draining an area of pasture where cattle congregate for shade and water. The dairy contributed about 60 to 70 percent of the nitrogen load increase in the study section of the cave system. It was concluded that agriculture was significantly affecting nitrate concentrations in the karst aquifer. Best management practices may be one way to protect the ground water resource.     

贵州丹寨县土壤-水稻中硒和重金属的积累及迁移特征

通过测定贵州丹寨县主要水稻种植区30件水稻土及对应的水稻中硒和重金属的含量,分析硒和重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb在根系土及对应水稻中的分布特征,研究了土壤有机质和pH对硒和重金属在土壤-水稻系统中迁移的影响.结果 表明:该地区水稻根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.27～0.98 mg/kg,平均值为0.65 mg/kg,70...     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘斑块动态与沙漠化关系

通过对科尔沁沙地沙漠化程度与流动沙丘斑块属性的ANOVA分析和关联分析,研究结果表明,流动沙丘斑块变化极大地影响着沙地景观的结构、功能和过程,是造成沙地景观动态变化的最主要原因。在所划分的4个级别中,小斑块和中斑块的斑块数量波动较大,平均值分别为(22.8±8.98)个和(23.2±5.98)个;而大斑块和巨斑块的数量较稳定,分别为(16.7±2.42)和(4.0±1.79)个。相反,小斑块和中斑块的累积面积波动较小,而大斑块和巨斑块的累积面积变化较大。ANOVA和关联分析的结果表明,沙漠化程度与流动沙丘斑块面积的变化为正关联,而斑数量与沙漠化程度为负关联,说明在科尔沁沙地流动沙丘斑块数量增加,有利于沙漠化程度的降低。同时斑块分维数的分析结果还表明,近40年来该地区流动沙丘斑块分维数的变化呈逐渐增大的趋势,说明该地区流沙斑块的空间格局趋向复杂。而复杂的格局导致沙漠化程度的降低。从不同级别斑块分维数的变化来看,小斑块的分维数为1.098±0.054,大斑块的为1.274±0.044,变化趋势为随斑块面积的增大,分维数增大,且稳定性也增强。     

Marine lakes of karst islands in Ha Long Bay (Vietnam)

Ha Long Bay in North Vietnam is characterized by karst towers and bigger islands totalling more than 3000 isles. Karst processes carved hundreds of caves out of the limestone and contributed to the formation of many enclosed and semi-enclosed saltwater lakes. Here, we report the results of a general survey of several lakes and the first data on the Hang Du I lake, a small basin devoid of any apparent communication with the surrounding sea. Hang Du I is characterized by the presence of Rhizostomeae, genus Mastigias, suggesting strong similarities with the famous lakes described from the archipelago of Palau. Among the benthic organisms sponges are the most important group. Temperature and abundance of the monsoon rains are the main factors influencing remarkable seasonal variations in physical-chemical parameters and the community structure of the lake. A thermal crisis with water temperatures up to 36 °C was recorded in September 2003. In this period, usually abundant medusae and sea anemones totally disappeared. Sponge populations showed fast growth rates in winter and spring and a partial degeneration to face the harsh conditions of the summer season. When isolated from the surrounding marine environment, the saltwater lakes share the condition of oceanic islands, representing spots of habitats surrounded by a completely different environment. The Ha Long Bay marine lakes are not easy to access, being surrounded by tropical forest, but local people usually exploit them for both fishery and oyster harvesting. There is an urgent need to develop measures of protection for these endangered and unique environments, natural laboratories that facilitate the study of evolution of marine organisms, where biodiversity has been until now totally unexplored.