转变土地利用方式对桂西喀斯特地区土壤氧化CH4的影响

选取桂西喀斯特地区分布最广的石灰土和黄壤,通过野外通量观测和实验室CH₄氧化动力学试验,研究弃耕或退耕还林对土壤CH₄通量的影响。结果表明,对于石灰土,CH₄年均通量为弃耕地LS-3[-64.30 μg/（m²·h）] > 灌草地LS-1 [-48.96 μg/（m²·h）] > 旱地LS-2[29.61 μg/（m²·h）];对于黄壤,退耕林地YS-2[-36.95 μg/（m²·h）] > 旱地YS-1[-29.44 μg/（m²·h）]。各点土壤CH₄氧化速率动力学遵循米氏方程,最大CH₄氧化速率（V_max）介于400～4 347 pmol/（g·h）之间,半饱和常数值介于72～878.3 μL/L之间,石灰土土壤V_max值是黄壤的两倍以上,具有更高的氧化潜力。土壤CH₄通量的季节变化不明显,释放峰或吸收峰出现在秋冬季节。温度有利于促进土壤对大气CH₄的吸收。土壤水分对土壤氧化CH₄的抑制作用在受人为干扰少的LS-1和LS-3表现显著,而对于旱地LS-2,YS-1及林地YS-2,NH₄⁺-N含量成为土壤氧化CH₄的主要限制因素。总之,土壤恢复有利于土壤氧化大气CH₄,这不仅取决于土壤理化性质、甲烷微生物群落的变化,还受到区域气候因素的影响。     

Native Seed Collection and Use in Arid Land Reclamation: A Low-Tech Approach

Loss of vegetation production in arid lands has been difficult to remediate and has signifi- cant economic impacts on human populations. Restoration efforts based on non-local materials and large-scale mechanization have not been capable of efficiently reversing the trend of environmental degradation. The use of traditional knowledge and simplified methods of seed harvesting, storing, marketing and soil preparation have proven that regeneration of native species and efficient land reclamation is possible in areas that have traditionally been considered degraded beyond redemption. This paper describes a method of land reclamation that combines tradition and simple mechanics that can be applied in all arid areas that face desertification. Because the work builds on cultural practices long used in non-industrialized societies, it is particularly adapted to rural areas. The methods described have the potential to open new low-tech economic opportunities to all segments of local non-urban populations while combating desertification and creating a more ecologically sound environment.     

Desertification Evaluated Using an Integrated Environmental Assessment Model

Desertification has been defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (United Nations, 1992). A technique for identifying and assessing areas at risk fordesertification in the arid, semi-arid, and subhumid regionsof the United States was developed by the Desert Research Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), using selected environmental indicators integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). Five indicators were selected: potential erosion, grazing pressure, climatic stress (expressed as a function of changesin the Palmer Drought Severity Index [PDSI]), change invegetation greenness (derived from the Normalized DifferenceVegetation Index [NDVI]), and weedy invasives as a percentof total plant cover. The data were integrated over aregional geographic setting using a GIS, which facilitateddata display, development and exploration of data relationships, including manipulation and simulation testing. By combining all five data layers, landscapes having a varying risk for land degradation were identified, providing a tool which could be used to improve landmanagement efficiency.     

Community Production Practices and Desertification in the Sahelo-Sudanian Region of Cameroon at the Turn of the Millennium

The Sahelo-Sudanian region of Cameroon extends over 10 million hectares. Varied flora and soil types, a complex mosaic of vegetation and plant communities and a diversified wild animal population are the major natural resources of this region. Desertification in the region can be related to two major known causes: a. short or long-term drought due to short-term or long-term climatic trends toward aridity; b. human activities which degrade the biological environment. Globally, humans generally have less effect on desertification than climatic change in the short run. The only strategy to fight against this situation particularly in the developing countries is to withdraw populations from the areas and to settle them elsewhere. However, most local or regional desertification processes in general, and in the Sahelo-Sudanian region in particular, are due to the misuse or unsound exploitation of natural resources by humans and their animals. Often, comprehension of the complexity of even small interactions between parameters affecting our local environment remains limited. Poor economic assessments of the long-term benefits of proper natural resource conservation and management increase the extent of the exploitation, in turn increasing the degradation process. Yet ecologically sound management of natural resources integrating indigenous knowledge and basic population interest and concern can secure restoration in several areas and sustained productivity of Sahelo-Sudanian lands.     

喀斯特旅游地的旅游形象定位策划——以四川兴文县为例

旅游地形象的策划是当今旅游发展中倍受瞩目的课题之一。文章分析了喀斯特旅游地形象定位策划的重要性，对喀斯特旅游地形象定位策划进行了一种模式探讨——旅游形象定位模式。从喀斯特旅游地的地方文脉、旅游形象调查、竞争性三个因子分析入手，探讨了喀斯特旅游地形象定位的方法，并以四川省兴文县为例，进行了喀斯特旅游地旅游形象定位策划的实例分析。     

西藏荒漠化及其防治战略

西藏自治区荒漠化研究始于20世纪90年代初，但近10年来在探索荒漠化面积、类型、分布、危害、动态监测和防治等方面都取得了重大进展。全区荒漠化土地面积20474114hm^2，潜在荒漠化土地面积1365180hm^2。从影响荒漠化进程的多种因素的发展趋势来看，目前荒漠化仍处于发展阶段。为了有效地促进西藏自治区的经济发展，改善生态环境，西藏自治区政府于1997年制定了详细的防治荒漠化计划，制定了“保护优先、积极治理、适度开发”的防治战略。按该计划，在2020年前共治理荒漠化土地面积5243870hm^2。考虑到西藏国民经济发展战略的总体布局，防治荒漠化在布局上将以“一江两河”中部流域为重点，兼顾其他地区。达到上述目标，将能初步实现西藏社会经济与自然环境的协调发展。     

沙尘暴传输机理及源地环境特征

对沙尘暴的发生、传输机理及沙尘暴源地的环境特征进行了研究.结果表明,沙尘暴的发生与地理环境、地表土质、气候条件和地表植被状况等自然因素密切相关.裸露于地表的沙尘是形成沙尘暴的物质基础,降水稀少、空气干燥是沙尘暴发生的重要气候因素.地面上升的热气旋和大气的环流运动是地表沙尘暴发生和传输的动力.沙尘粒子的传输方式有蠕动、跃迁和悬浮3种.沙尘的传输距离和方向与大气环流的变化情况直接相关.沙尘暴源地一般位于大陆腹地,地域宽阔、平坦.地表土质多为沙砾、沙质土壤,地表土层裸露,土质干燥、疏松.沙尘暴源地的植被稀疏,气候的共同特征是全年降水稀少,空气干燥,冬季和春季大风天气频频出现.近年来人为的破坏活动也加剧了沙漠化的进程.     

中国荒漠化气候类型划分方法的初步探讨

在同一气候资料的基础上 ,分别应用Thornthwaite公式和Penman公式计算了潜在蒸散 ,并据此计算湿润指数 ,划分了我国的荒漠化气候类型区 ,并确定了荒漠化潜在发生范围 ,同时对上述两种方法在我国荒漠化气候类型区划中的适用性进行了比较分析。结果表明 ,对我国而言 ,Penman公式法比Thornthwaite公式法更具有合理性。根据Penman公式法的区划结果 ,我国荒漠化潜在发生范围约为4 2 4万km2 ,占国土面积的 4 4 .1% ,分布于全国 19个省 (自治区、直辖市 )。     

广西崇左某厂址岩溶发育特征及工程地质评价

通过对崇左地区地质调查及厂址岩土工程勘察,围绕厂址主要工程地质问题——岩溶,从发育条件、发展历史、岩溶形态的分布特点等分析研究厂址区岩溶发育特征,对建厂工程地质条件及岩溶工程的一般规律进行了评价和归纳。     

岩溶区桩端持力层的电磁层析探测

隐伏岩溶的存在对工程危害较大,常规钻探、物探手段对岩溶区桩端持力层勘探存在不足。本文应用电磁波层析成像技术进行桩端持力层探测分析。工程实例表明该方法行之有效,具有较高的探测精细程度,为桩端持力层的确定提供了直观而准确的依据。