城市用地扩展对长沙市水系变化的影响

为了探讨水系变化与城市用地扩展之间的联系,为未来水生态修复及城市与生态环境协调发展提供依据及经验借鉴,基于长沙市1950s、1970s、1990s、2010s和2016年五期地形图及同期城市建设用地数据,对长沙市中心城区近60年来的五期水系及城市用地扩张情况进行统计,选取河网密度、水面率、干流河流曲度、河网发育系数指标定量描述水系变化特征。同时,运用城市用地扩张特征分析方法分析同期城市扩张的强弱与快慢,并叠加各流域范围内同期水系变化指标与城市拓展强度指标,分析长沙各阶段水系变迁与城市用地扩张强度之间的关系。研究表明：（1）城市建设用地扩展对城市水系数量及形态变化有直接影响;（2）各时期城市拓展强度均与水系特征指标值衰减速度呈正相关关系;（3）在城市扩展过程中破坏水系特征将加大水系生态、自然灾害风险,而有效的水生态保护政策和保护措施不仅可以使片区水系缩减趋势放缓,还可以加快周边用地扩展速度。     

黄土残塬沟壑区土地开发适宜性评价方法研究

以发展经济为准绳，利用生物措施，开发土地资源，是有效地控制和改善黄土残塬沟壑区日益恶化的生态环境的根本保证。本文针对如何合理地利用农作物、果树、林木和牧草开发土地资源问题，提出了土地开发的适宜性评价方法，并以土地调查的小斑为单元，选用了原土地利用类型、坡度、坡向和海拔高程４个指标，对地处这一地区且作为国家＂八五＂重点攻关项目的隰县试验区的土地开发适宜性进行了评价，经初步开发实施，已收到了显著效果。     

基于GIS的露天煤矿土地复垦信息系统的建立

通过对露天煤矿土地复垦特点和ＧＩＳ强大功能的分析，阐述了露天煤矿矿土地复垦信息系统建立的设计思想，系统结构，功能和实现途径，并在安太堡露天煤矿人工重建的生态系统上进行运行、验证。结果表明：该系统运行良好。     

土地利用系统规划和设计方法探讨

应用系统思想和生态学原理，提出了以土地─食物─人这一耦合运行发展过程研究为中心、以建立合理的土地利用系统为目标的农区土地利用规划和设计方法模型框架，其中包括：目标设计；土地评价；农业生态系统分析；土地利用系统定量化研究模拟模型；土地利用系统结构优化；土地利用系统生态设计；多层次人工控制系统设计。     

应用马尔可夫链分析预测福建以林为主的土地利用趋势

土地利用状况的研究是国土整治及林业发展规划的重要研究内容,本文根据森林资源连续清查的资料,应用马尔可夫链理论,建立预测模型,分析、预测土壤利用的动态状况,提出宏观控制的对策,为土地利用规划,林业生产决策提供科学的方法与依据。     

定量遥感技术在城市热岛效应研究及其治理中的应用

以长春市为例,基于LandSat7 ETM 影像数据定量反演晴空状态下城市地表温度、地表反照率和NDVI(归一化植被指数),通过分析地表温度空间分布状况及其与地表反照率、NDVI的关系,研究城市热岛效应并提出治理对策.研究表明:长春市城区热岛效应显著,热岛中心主要分布在铁北工业园区、二道区北部和绿园区西南部;城区的地表反照率和NDVI始终小于郊区;城区地表温度随着地表反照率和NDVI的增加而降低.因此,在提高工业热源和能源的利用率,减少热量散失和排放的同时,提高城区植被覆盖率和地表反照率可以有效缓解城市热岛效应给城市生态环境带来的不良影响.     

硝酸磷肥装置含氨尾气系统改造

分析硝酸磷肥装置含氨尾气系统存在的问题，介绍改造工艺，主要设备和改造后收到的良好经济效益及社会效益。     

基于RS和GIS的西部干旱区生态环境调控研究

实现生态环境优化调控与科学管理，是保护生态环境、促进社会经济与环境协调发展、建立人与自然和谐关系的重要举措。尤其是对生态环境十分脆弱的西部干旱地区，各级政府和学术界给予高度的重视。在定量研究生态环境调控的理论方法和具体操作过程中，需要借助遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)以及它们的结合等技术手段，来实现时空变化信息的实时、动态监测以及信息的提取、分析和处理。本文针对西部干旱区生态环境调控问题。提出一种RS和GIS支持下的生态环境调控量化研究方法，包括基于RS和GIS的西部干旱区生态环境量化指标体系、生态环境调控管理模型、调控方案优选与实施。并介绍一个应用例子。     

Urea Fluctuations in Stream Baseflow across Land Cover Gradients and Seasons in a Coastal Plain River System

Urea‐N is a component of bioavailable dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) that contributes to coastal eutrophication. In this study, we assessed urea‐N in baseflow across land cover gradients and seasons in the Manokin River Basin on the Delmarva Peninsula. From March 2010 to June 2011, we conducted monthly sampling of 11 streams (4 tidal and 7 nontidal), 2 wastewater treatment plants, an agricultural drainage ditch, and groundwater underlying a cropped field. At each site, we measured urea‐N, DON, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NO₃^?‐N, and NH₄⁺‐N. In general, urea‐N comprised between 1% and 6% of TDN, with the highest urea‐N levels in drainage ditches (0.054 mg N/L) and wetland‐dominated streams (0.035–0.045 mg N/L). While urea‐N did not vary seasonally in tidal rivers, nontidal streams saw distinct urea‐N peaks in summer (0.038 mg N/L) that occurred several months after cropland fertilization in spring. Notably, the proportion of wetlands explained 78% of the variance in baseflow urea‐N levels across the Manokin watershed. In wetland‐dominated basins, we found urea‐N was positively related to water temperature and negatively related to DOC:DON ratios, indicating short‐term urea‐N dynamics at baseflow were more likely influenced by instream and wetland‐driven processes than by recent agricultural urea‐N inputs. Findings demonstrate important controls of wetlands on baseflow urea‐N concentrations in mixed land‐use basins.     

Impact of Climate and Land Use Change on Streamflow and Sediment Yield in a Snow‐Dominated Semiarid Mountainous Watershed

This study investigates the impact of climate and land use change on the magnitude and timing of streamflow and sediment yield in a snow‐dominated mountainous watershed in Salt Lake County, Utah using a scenario approach and the Hydrological Simulation Program — FORTRAN model for the 2040s (year 2035–2044) and 2090s (year 2085–2094). The climate scenarios were statistically and dynamically downscaled from global climate models. Land use and land cover (LULC) changes were estimated in two ways — from a regional planning scenario and from a deterministic model. Results indicate the mean daily streamflow in the Jordan River watershed will increase by an amount ranging from 11.2% to 14.5% in the 2040s and from 6.8% to 15.3% in the 2090s. The respective increases in sediment load in the 2040s and 2090s is projected to be 6.7% and 39.7% in the canyons and about 7.4% to 14.2% in the Jordan valley. The historical 50th percentile timing of streamflow and sediment load is projected to be shifted earlier by three to four weeks by mid‐century and four to eight weeks by late‐century. The projected streamflow and sediment load results establish a nonlinear relationship with each other and are highly sensitive to projected climate change. The predicted changes in streamflow and sediment yield will have implications for water supply, flood control and stormwater management.