城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系研究

随着城市化和工业化发展,大气颗粒物对城市空气环境造成了严重污染,选取西安市作为研究区,分析不同时间和空间尺度下城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系。通过GIS软件、Fragstats4.2软件和SPSS软件对西安市2014年土地利用数据和2014年整年的大气颗粒物监测数据进行分析,结果显示,西安市土地利用类型分布较为集中;西安市大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征为浓度从市中心至城郊呈梯度递减趋势,在整体上呈现西北高于东南的倾向,大气颗粒物污染物浓度峰值基本都集中出现在建设用地范围内(PM10:102.7μg/m^3;PM2.5:99.7μg/m^3);相关性结果证实了城市景观格局与大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征。研究结果为中国西部内陆城市大气颗粒物污染控制、土地利用规划以及生态建设提供参考。     

Habitat evaluation of wild Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and conservation priority setting in north-eastern China

The Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is one of the world’s most endangered species. Recently, habitat fragmentation, food scarcity and human hunting have drastically reduced the population size and distribution areas of Amur tigers in the wild, leaving them on the verge of extinction. Presently, they are only found in the north-eastern part of China. In this study, we developed a reference framework using methods and technologies of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), GAP analysis and Natural Break (Jenks) classification to evaluate the habitat and to set the conservation priorities for Amur tigers in eastern areas of Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces of northeast China. We proposed a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) incorporating 7 factors covering natural conditions and human disturbance. Based on the HSI values, the suitability was classified into five levels from the most to not suitable. Finally, according to results of GAP analysis, we identified six conservation priorities and designed a conservation landscape incorporating four new nature reserves, enlarging two existing ones, and creating four linkages for Amur tigers in northeast China. The case study showed that the core habitats (the most suitable and highly suitable habitats) identified for Amur tigers covered 35,547 km², accounting for approximately 26.71% of the total study area (1,33,093 km²). However, existing nature reserves protected only (7124 km² or) 20.04% of the identified core habitats. Thus, enlargement of current reserves is necessary and urgent for the tiger’s conservation and restoration. Moreover, the establishment of wildlife corridors linking core habitats will provide an efficient reserve network for tiger conservation to maintain the evolutionary potential of Amur tigers facing environmental changes.     

基于格局-过程理论的非点源污染实证研究:以黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失为例

非点源污染是影响地表环境的主要污染方式之一.针对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失这一典型的非点源污染问题,应用非点源污染的空间识别方法———景观空间负荷对比指数和景观坡度指数,对黄土高原泾河流域12个子流域进行了实证研究.结果表明,耕地、低覆盖度草地和各种林地的景观坡度指数和景观空间负荷对比指数对流域土壤侵蚀模数有显著的响应关系,对径流深度存在着一定的响应关系,而对径流变异系数和侵蚀变异系数没有明显的响应.说明景观空间负荷对比指数和景观坡度指数对流域水土流失具有一定的指示作用,可作为水土流失等非点源污染空间风险评价的1个有用方法.     

城市绿化的结构和生态环境功能

分析了城市绿化的形式与现状,讨论了一种新的生态型绿化模式———城市森林.并对城市绿化的乔-灌-草结构型与城市草坪型进行比较,认为前者在生态环境效益方面有较大优越性.从景观角度分析城市森林带来的效益,建议城市绿化要考虑生态服务效能及其养护管理和节约用费.     

基于LUCC的陕西渭北旱塬区景观生态风险评价

基于土地利用/土地覆被变化构建景观生态风险评价模型,评价了渭北旱塬区1980～2018年的生态风险状况.结果表明,随着城镇快速扩张,土地开发利用强度加大,各土地利用类型发生了不同程度的变化,其中,耕地减少量最多,共减少了636.36km2,建设用地增加量最大,共增加了496.17km2;受人口增长和退耕还林、还草政策实...     

新开河流域湿地景观格局动态变化过程研究

论文利用遥感和GIS技术手段,运用土地利用转移矩阵和景观格局指数的模型,对新开河流域湿地近33年(1969-2001年)景观格局的动态变化过程进行了定量分析。结果显示:①随着流域人口的增加、土地利用活动的加强和水文条件的变化,新开河流域湿地不同程度地转化为草地、耕地、沙地和盐碱地,植物群落发生逆向演变。期间湿地总面积经历了大幅度减少到显著增加的落起过程;②新开河流域湿地景观破碎化严重,2001年沼泽地平均斑块面积、最大斑块面积、最大斑块周长较1969年分别减少了71.02%、71.08%、64.76%,景观破碎化指数由0.78上升到0.93。有关研究成果可为该流域湿地保护及其合理利用提供科学依据。     

湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异及其分异规律

传统村落在历史、文化、经济、旅游和科学等多个方面价值颇高,保护传统村落的空间格局和文化内涵极为重要。以中国湘江流域上中下游六个典型传统村落为例,以景观基因理论为基础,运用景观基因分析法识别了湘江流域传统村落景观基因,分析了上中下游传统村落显性物质景观基因与隐性非物质文化基因的变异特征,总结了湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异特征及分异规律,研究结果显示：（1）湘江流域上游传统村落平面基因变异相悖于本土的情况侧重发生在平面结构变异上;立面基因的变异相悖于本土、突变后直接消亡的情况较多;文化基因上受外来冲击的不适感较强,有加剧景观基因变异的风险和趋势。（2）湘江流域中游传统村落对立面基因的改动需求较大,且改动时间较早,造成立面基因变异以及平面基因中街巷格局、平面布局变异较大,变异后相悖于本土的特征显著;而在文化基因中,对文化的变异融合接受能力强,变异相融于本土的情况显著。（3）湘江流域下游传统村落在形态、布局特征明显的平面基因中产生的变异不大显著;在立面基因中遭遇突变后直接消亡的特征明显;在文化基因中,对家风信仰的基因变异以相融于本土为主,习俗礼仪的基因变异呈现分化趋势,单民族聚居式的家族以相悖于本土的特征为主,多民族聚居式的家族以相融于本土的特征为主。     

The value of agricultural wetlands as invertebrate resources for wintering shorebirds

Agricultural landscapes have received little recognition for the food resources they provide to wintering waterbirds. In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, modest yet significant populations of wintering shorebirds (Charadriiformes) regularly use hundreds of dispersed wetlands on agricultural lands. Benthic invertebrates are a critical resource for the survival of overwintering shorebirds, yet the abundance of invertebrate resources in agricultural wetlands such as these has not been quantified. To evaluate the importance of agricultural wetlands to a population of wintering shorebirds, the density, biomass, and general community composition of invertebrates available to birds were quantified at a sample of Willamette Valley sites during a wet (1999–2000) and a dry winter (2000–2001). Invertebrate densities ranged among wetlands from 173 to 1925 (mean ± S.E.: 936 ± 106) individuals/m² in the wet winter, and from 214 to 3484 (1028 ± 155) individuals/m² in the dry winter. Total invertebrate estimated biomass among wetlands ranged from 35 to 652 (mean ± S.E.: 364 ± 35) mg/m² in the wet winter, and from 85 to 1405 (437 ± 62) mg/m² in the dry winter. These estimates for food abundance were comparable to that observed in some other important freshwater wintering regions in North America.     

北京不同污染地区园林植物对空气颗粒物的滞纳能力

城市园林植物作为城市生态系统的重要组成成分,在滞纳空气颗粒物,净化城市大气环境发挥着重要作用.本文以北京市6种常见园林植物为研究对象,利用气溶胶再发生器(QRJZFSQ-I)测定了不同污染地区叶片对大气颗粒物的滞纳能力,同时利用环境扫描电镜观察了测试树种叶片结构变化.结果表明:1在所测的树种中,针叶树种单位叶面积滞纳空气颗粒物的能力比阔叶树种高,其中油松(Pinus tabuliformis)滞纳量最高,为(3.89±0.026)μg·cm-2,其次是白皮松(Pinus bungeana),为(2.82±0.392)μg·cm-2,毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)最小,为(2.00±0.118)μg·cm-2;2通过观察叶片微观形态结构发现,针叶树种气孔排列紧密,气孔密度比阔叶树种大,表面粗糙度高于阔叶树种,而且能够分泌油脂;3在不同污染区,相同树种叶片滞纳PM10存在显著差异,五环周围的树种叶片单位叶面积滞纳PM10能力要高于植物园的,而相同树种叶片单位叶面积滞纳PM2.5则无明显差异;4在不同污染区下,叶片结构发生了重要的适应性变化,相对于轻污染区,在重污染区植物叶片外表皮细胞收缩,叶片表皮纹理变得更加粗糙,气孔频度和绒毛长度增加.尽管暴露于重污染区植物叶片发生重要变化,但是这些植物仍然能够正常健康地生长.