汕头市练江流域景观格局与水质的关联分析

水环境对景观格局的变化极为敏感,水域(湿地)面积、分布格局、水质、水文特征等的变化,与土地变化和人类活动有着密切的关系,明确影响水质变化的关键景观因子,对于深入了解景观格局对水质的影响机制具有重要的研究价值.该研究选择广东省汕头市练江流域为研究对象,以2019年TM卫星影像、水质监测以及工业点源污染数据为基础,利用Sp...     

近17年鄱阳湖区景观格局动态变化研究

通过对1989、1999和2006年3期遥感影像进行解译,借助ARCGIS、FRAGSTATS等软件对鄱阳湖区近17年景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明：近17年湖区景观空间结构在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生显著变化。从景观水平上看,湖区整体景观的破碎化程度不断增大,各斑块类型在空间上的分布趋于均匀和分散,景观中斑块的形状渐趋不规则,复杂程度加大。在斑块类型水平上,研究区水体的破碎化程度增加,斑块向着小型化方向发展,斑块之间的结合度降低,形状逐渐变得复杂,水体斑块之间的水力联系减弱;草地和林地的空间结构相对稳定,变化并不显著;耕地虽然是研究区的优势景观类型,但在近17年间,其优势地位被逐渐削弱,破碎化程度也在逐渐加大,斑块形状的规则性降低,各斑块之间的分离性加大;滩地的变化主要受水文情势和泥沙淤积的影响,破碎化程度经历了先加大、后降低的过程,最大斑块面积有所增大;建设用地的变化最为明显,其破碎化程度也有所加大,但斑块间的连接程度相对研究初期有所增加;未利用地是研究区面积最小的景观类型,其景观破碎化程度则有所降低,斑块形状也渐趋简单。     

天宝岩自然保护区森林景观格局与环境关系的尺度效应分析

为揭示景观格局内演机制,在3S技术平台支撑下,借助TM遥感像图、植被分类图和二类调查数据,并引入CCA(Canonical Correspondence Analysis)排序方法,对天宝岩森林景观格局与环境的关系及其尺度效应进行定量分析.结果表明:随着取样尺度的递减,排序轴各特征值之和呈增大趋势,依次为:3.137、3.349、3.484、4.660及4.848;而累积景观–环境解释量和景观–环境相关系数皆呈先增后减的趋势,分别在scale3和scale2达到最大;景观类型分布呈现较为明显的纬度梯度变化规律(纬度与第一轴的相关系数:-0.2019~-0.3789)和垂直分布规律(海拔与第一轴的相关系数:-0.3218~-0.4760),其中沿纬度梯度上分布的景观类型依次为:竹林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、农田、常绿阔叶林、山顶矮曲林、常绿针叶林、泥潭藓沼泽、灌草丛;在较低海拔上分布的景观类型主要有竹林和农田,在较高海拔上分布着泥潭藓沼泽、灌草丛和山顶矮曲林;景观格局与环境关系具有尺度效应,环境因子对景观格局分布的影响程度随着尺度的变化而变化.图2表2参36     

Producer-level benefits of sustainability certification

Initiatives certifying that producers of goods and services adhere to defined environmental and social-welfare production standards are increasingly popular. According to proponents, these initiatives create financial incentives for producers to improve their environmental, social, and economic performance. We reviewed the evidence on whether these initiatives have such benefits. We identified peer-reviewed, ex post, producer-level studies in economic sectors in which certification is particularly prevalent (bananas, coffee, fish products, forest products, and tourism operations), classified these studies on the basis of whether their design and methods likely generated credible results, summarized findings from the studies with credible results, and considered how these findings might guide future research. We found 46 relevant studies, most of which focused on coffee and forest products and examined fair-trade and Forest Stewardship Council certification. The methods used in 11 studies likely generated credible results. Of these 11 studies, nine examined the economic effects and two the environmental effects of certification. The results of four of the 11 studies, all of which examined economic effects, showed that certification has producer-level benefits. Hence, the evidence to support the hypothesis that certification benefits the environment or producers is limited. More evidence could be generated by incorporating rigorous, independent evaluation into the design and implementation of projects promoting certification.     

Comparing Spatially Explicit Ecological and Social Values for Natural Areas to Identify Effective Conservation Strategies

Abstract: Consideration of the social values people assign to relatively undisturbed native ecosystems is critical for the success of science‐based conservation plans. We used an interview process to identify and map social values assigned to 31 ecosystem services provided by natural areas in an agricultural landscape in southern Australia. We then modeled the spatial distribution of 12 components of ecological value commonly used in setting spatial conservation priorities. We used the analytical hierarchy process to weight these components and used multiattribute utility theory to combine them into a single spatial layer of ecological value. Social values assigned to natural areas were negatively correlated with ecological values overall, but were positively correlated with some components of ecological value. In terms of the spatial distribution of values, people valued protected areas, whereas those natural areas underrepresented in the reserve system were of higher ecological value. The habitats of threatened animal species were assigned both high ecological value and high social value. Only small areas were assigned both high ecological value and high social value in the study area, whereas large areas of high ecological value were of low social value, and vice versa. We used the assigned ecological and social values to identify different conservation strategies (e.g., information sharing, community engagement, incentive payments) that may be effective for specific areas. We suggest that consideration of both ecological and social values in selection of conservation strategies can enhance the success of science‐based conservation planning.     

Regional Decline of an Iconic Amphibian Associated with Elevation,Land‐Use Change,and Invasive Species

Abstract: Ecological theory predicts that species with restricted geographic ranges will have the highest probability of extinction, but species with extensive distributions and high population densities can also exhibit widespread population losses. In the western United States populations of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens)—historically one of the most widespread frogs in North America—have declined dramatically in abundance and geographic distribution. To assess the status of leopard frogs in Colorado and evaluate causes of decline, we coupled statewide surveys of 196 historically occupied sites with intensive sampling of 274 wetlands stratified by land use. We used an information‐theoretic approach to evaluate the contributions of factors at multiple spatial extents in explaining the contemporary distribution of leopard frogs. Our results indicate leopard frogs have declined in Colorado, but this decline was regionally variable. The lowest proportion of occupied wetlands occurred in eastern Colorado (2–28%), coincident with urban development and colonization by non‐native bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus). Variables at several spatial extents explained observed leopard frog distributional patterns. In low‐elevation wetlands introduced fishes, bullfrogs, and urbanization or suburbanization associated negatively with leopard frog occurrence, whereas wetland area was positively associated with occurrence. Leopard frogs were more abundant and widespread west of the Continental Divide, where urban development and bullfrog abundance were low. Although the pathogenic chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) was not selected in our best‐supported models, the nearly complete extirpation of leopard frogs from montane wetlands could reflect the individual or interactive effects of Bd and climate patterns. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple, competing hypotheses to explain species declines, particularly when implicated factors operate at different spatial extents.     

Negative Effects of Habitat Loss on Survival of Migrant Warblers in a Forest Mosaic

Abstract: Habitat loss and fragmentation in forested landscapes often negatively affect animal abundance; however, whether these factors also affect fitness is not well known. We hypothesized that observed decreases in bird occurrence and abundance in landscapes with harvested forests are associated with reduced apparent survival of adults. We defined apparent survival as an estimate of survival that accounts for an imperfect resighting probability, but not permanent emigration (i.e., dispersal). We examined the association between spatially extensive habitat loss and apparent survival of males of 2 Neotropical migrant species, Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) and Black‐Throated Green Warbler (D. virens), over 7 years in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, New Brunswick, Canada. We estimated apparent survival among and within breeding seasons. We quantified amount of habitat in the context of individual species. In this landscape, boundaries between land‐cover types are gradual rather than clearly identifiable and abrupt. Estimated apparent within‐season survival of both species decreased as a function of amount of habitat within a 2000‐m radius; survival was approximately 12 times (95% CI 3.43–14) greater in landscapes with 85% habitat than in landscapes with 10% habitat. Apparent annual survival also decreased as a function of amount of habitat within a 100‐m radius. Over the range of habitat amount, apparent annual survival decreased 15% (95% CI 7–29%) as the amount of habitat decreased. Our results suggest that reduced species occurrence in landscapes with low proportions of habitat is due partly to lower apparent survival at these sites. This mechanism operates both directly (i.e., via effects on mortality or dispersal during breeding) and possibly through indirect effects during the nonbreeding season. Habitat loss was associated not only with a lower number of individuals, but also with lower survival of those individuals.     

Toward Best Practices for Developing Regional Connectivity Maps

Abstract: To conserve ecological connectivity (the ability to support animal movement, gene flow, range shifts, and other ecological and evolutionary processes that require large areas), conservation professionals need coarse‐grained maps to serve as decision‐support tools or vision statements and fine‐grained maps to prescribe site‐specific interventions. To date, research has focused primarily on fine‐grained maps (linkage designs) covering small areas. In contrast, we devised 7 steps to coarsely map dozens to hundreds of linkages over a large area, such as a nation, province, or ecoregion. We provide recommendations on how to perform each step on the basis of our experiences with 6 projects: California Missing Linkages (2001), Arizona Wildlife Linkage Assessment (2006), California Essential Habitat Connectivity (2010), Two Countries, One Forest (northeastern United States and southeastern Canada) (2010), Washington State Connected Landscapes (2010), and the Bhutan Biological Corridor Complex (2010). The 2 most difficult steps are mapping natural landscape blocks (areas whose conservation value derives from the species and ecological processes within them) and determining which pairs of blocks can feasibly be connected in a way that promotes conservation. Decision rules for mapping natural landscape blocks and determining which pairs of blocks to connect must reflect not only technical criteria, but also the values and priorities of stakeholders. We recommend blocks be mapped on the basis of a combination of naturalness, protection status, linear barriers, and habitat quality for selected species. We describe manual and automated procedures to identify currently functioning or restorable linkages. Once pairs of blocks have been identified, linkage polygons can be mapped by least‐cost modeling, other approaches from graph theory, or individual‐based movement models. The approaches we outline make assumptions explicit, have outputs that can be improved as underlying data are improved, and help implementers focus strictly on ecological connectivity.     

社区水平森林景观格局的动态变化与未来情景模拟

论文以重庆市石柱县三星乡石星村为样区,基于2004年森林景观格局的相关数据,运用Logistic逐步回归方法筛选出了不同时期对石星村森林景观格局具有决定作用的影响因子,并采用CLUE-S模型对石星村2014年森林景观分布格局进行了模拟与验证。此基础上,分别基于历史发展趋势、“农二代”返乡潮以及工商资本介入3种情景模拟石星村2024年的森林景观格局,利用景观格局指数对2004-2024年间3种情景下的景观格局动态及破碎度进行研究。结果表明：1） 利用石星村2004年的森林景观格局分布图对2014年森林景观格局进行模拟,总体精度达到了85%,Kappa指数均值达到0.816,这表明CLUE-S模型对石星村森林景观的格局变化具有良好的模拟能力;2） 在预设的3种情景下,样区森林景观一直占据20 a间景观基质的主导地位,林区分析结果显示出林地总面积没有明显减少,且相较于2004年的林地总面积表现出增加的趋势。3种情景下退化林地面积均呈减少的趋势,其中,相较于历史发展趋势,“农二代”返乡潮情景下退化林地的减少均伴随着人工林和农用地面积的增加,而工商资本介入情景下退化林地的减少伴随着人工林面积的增加和农用地面积的减少;3） 在林地的空间分布上,各林地类型的分布存在一定的规律性,其中退化原始林主要集中分布在中东部低山、深丘区,次生林、退化林地和人工林呈镶嵌格局,分散于主要基质性景观中;4） 样区在3种情景模拟下,森林景观破碎化程度存在差异。总体来说,“农二代”返乡潮和工商资本介入两种情景下森林景观恢复较好。研究结论可为石星村未来森林景观管理、规划及政策的制定等提供参考依据和决策支持。     

乡村湿地景观的设计研究

随着社会经济的发展,中国农村面貌发生了巨大变化.以宁夏泾源县上胭村湿地工程设计方案为例,依据水生态治理与景观提升相结合、提高区域水源涵养能力的设计理念,探讨乡村湿地景观设计的原则、水土保持与景观设计的关系和融合地域特征的景观设计的必要性.并由此认识到在水土保持工程设计中融入风景园林内容,将小河道生态景观重建与整治设计相结合,可有效提升水土保持生态建设层次.