森林绿色核算中不同林地林木估价方法的比较

在对国内外森林绿色核算中林地林木估价方法综述的基础上指出:林地林木估价起源于森林评价学,已有200多年的历史,且估价方法较多,概括起来主要包括比较方式估价方法、成本方式估价方法、收益方式估价方法和收益比较折衷方式估价方法。幼、中龄林一般采用成本方式估价方法;近熟林、成熟林和过熟林采用收益方式估价方法。联合国等在综合环境经济核算体系中推荐的林地林木估价方法主要为立木价值法、消费价值法和净现值法,虽然与森林评价学上的名称不一致,但属于收益方式的评价方法。文章还分别采用成本法和净现值法对海南省、大兴安岭的林地林木进行了估价,通过估价结果的比较分析认为,成本法可作为林木估价的最低值,净现值法的估价高于成本法的估价,净现值法估价是成本价法估价的1.03～1.14倍。另外,虽然联合国等推荐的林地林木估价首选方法为净现值法,但实际计算需要大量的数据,且无论是立木价值法,还是消费价值法和净现值法估价,其结果差异很大。德国、澳大利亚和法国的研究表明,3种方法的估价结果相差2倍多。欧盟也因此推荐立木价值法估价。文章最后认为,林地林木估价的方法目前还没有达成一致,且不同的估价方法估算的结果也存在明显的差异。     

Scaling Uncertainties in Estimating Canopy Foliar Maintenance Respiration for Black Spruce Ecosystems in Alaska

A major challenge confronting the scientific community is to understand both patterns of and controls over spatial and temporal variability of carbon exchange between boreal forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. An understanding of the sources of variability of carbon processes at fine scales and how these contribute to uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes is relevant to representing these processes at coarse scales. To explore some of the challenges and uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes at fine to coarse scales, we conducted a modeling analysis of canopy foliar maintenance respiration for black spruce ecosystems of Alaska by scaling empirical hourly models of foliar maintenance respiration (R_m) to estimate canopy foliar R_m for individual stands. We used variation in foliar N concentration among stands to develop hourly stand-specific models and then developed an hourly pooled model. An uncertainty analysis identified that the most important parameter affecting estimates of canopy foliar R_m was one that describes R_m at 0 ^∘C per g N, which explained more than 55% of variance in annual estimates of canopy foliar R_m. The comparison of simulated annual canopy foliar R_m identified significant differences between stand-specific and pooled models for each stand. This result indicates that control over foliar N concentration should be considered in models that estimate canopy foliar R_m of black spruce stands across the landscape. In this study, we also temporally scaled the hourly stand-level models to estimate canopy foliar R_m of black spruce stands using mean monthly temperature data. Comparisons of monthly R_m between the hourly and monthly versions of the models indicated that there was very little difference between the estimates of hourly and monthly models, suggesting that hourly models can be aggregated to use monthly input data with little loss of precision. We conclude that uncertainties in the use of a coarse-scale model for estimating canopy foliar R_m at regional scales depend on uncertainties in representing needle-level respiration and on uncertainties in representing the spatial variability of canopy foliar N across a region. The development of spatial data sets of canopy foliar N represents a major challenge in estimating canopy foliar maintenance respiration at regional scales.     

Conservation Planning in Forest Landscapes of Fennoscandia and an Approach to the Challenge of Countdown 2010

Abstract:  Effective management of biodiversity in production landscapes requires a conservation approach that acknowledges the complexity of ecological and cultural systems in time and space. Fennoscandia has experienced major loss of forest biodiversity caused by intensive forestry. Therefore, the Countdown 2010 initiative to halt the loss of biodiversity in Europe is highly relevant to forest management in this part of the continent. As a contribution to meeting the challenge posed by Countdown 2010, we developed a spatially explicit conservation-planning exercise that used regional knowledge on forest biodiversity to provide support for managers attempting to halt further loss of biological diversity in the region. We used current data on the distribution of 169 species (including 68 red-listed species) representing different forest habitats and ecologies along with forest data within the frame of modern conservation software to devise a map of priority areas for conservation. The top 10% of priority areas contained over 75% of red-listed species locations and 41% of existing protected forest areas, but only 58% of these top priorities overlapped with core areas identified previously in a regional strategy that used more qualitative methods. We argue for aggregating present and future habitat value of single management units to landscape and regional scales to identify potential bottlenecks in habitat availability linked to landscape dynamics. To address the challenge of Countdown 2010, a general framework for forest conservation planning in Fennoscandia needs to cover different conservation issues, tools, and data needs.     

不同取样尺度下华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸的空间变异性

基于在3个取样尺度(4、2、1 m)对庞泉沟自然保护区的落叶松人工林(L_arix principis-rupprechtii)土壤呼吸速率(Rs)以及生物和非生物因子的观测数据,对不同取样尺度Rs的空间变异性进行了研究,分析了不同取样尺度下5、10和15 cm深度的土壤温度(T_5、T_(10)、T_(15))、10 cm深度的土壤水分(Ws)、土壤全氮(N)、全碳(C)、碳氮比(C/N)、全硫(S)、凋落物量(L_w)和凋落物含水量(L_m)对Rs空间变异的影响,并计算了3种尺度各变量在不同置信水平与估计精度下的最佳采样数量.结果表明,1除4 m取样尺度的C/N比、2 m的Ws和1 m的T_10、T_15的空间变异属于弱变异外,Rs及其它相关因子的空间变异均属于中等变异;Rs、C/N比和S的变异系数随着取样尺度的增大而减小,N、C、Ws、T_5、T__(10)、T__(15)、L_w和L_m则相反.2随着取样尺度的减小,Rs、Ws、T_5、T_(10)、T_(15)、L_w和L_m的空间自相关性减弱,而C、N和C/N比的空间自相关性增强,S则随着取样间距的减小空间自相关性先减弱后增强.3不同取样尺度下影响Rs空间变异的关键因子不同,在较大的尺度上土壤温度是影响Rs空间变异性的主要因素,而在较小的尺度上则受C、L_m和L_w的共同影响.4随着置信水平和估计精度的减低,R_s及其影响因子的合理取样数目逐渐减少;Rs、C/N比和S的取样数目随着取样间距的减小而增加,而N、C、Ws、T_5、T_(10)、T_(15)、L_w和L_m的取样数量则减少.     

Navigating multi‐level natural resource governance: an analytical guide

A plethora of terms are used to describe the form of governance of complex social‐ecological systems, such as multi‐level governance, polycentricity and network governance. This plethora of terms is associated with a diffuse literature from which it can be challenging to identify which variables are important for investigation of the governance system and what questions could be asked. The purpose of this article is to present the development of a guide for the analysis of the complex governance systems of renewable natural resources, informed by a breadth of literature from which key characteristics, challenges and concepts are identified. The guide consists of three dimensions: multiplicities of levels, actors and institutions; the existence, opportunities for, and challenges of, interactions within and between levels (vertical and horizontal interactions); and an assessment of governance performance through application of governance principles. The guide is applied to a case study of mangrove forests in Kenya, to illustrate its utility in generating understanding and identification of challenges and opportunities for more effective multi‐level governance. It is proposed that the guide could be beneficial to researchers and practitioners seeking to develop an understanding of structures, performance and outcomes of multi‐level governance.     

Traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation: a case study from Byans Valley in Kailash Sacred Landscape,India

Ethnobotanical knowledge plays a significant role in plant diversity conservation and the curing of various ailments in remote rural areas of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). A total of 53 plant species from 27 families have been documented from the Byans valley and are used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases. Valley inhabitants have maintained a symbiotic relationship between natural resources and their cultural belief system by developing sacred forests/groves which conserve the region's plant diversity pool. Information on sacred natural sites and traditional beliefs was documented in order to understand the environmental and conservationist implications of these rules and practices. The study provides comprehensive information about eroding traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation practices. This study could be a pilot to strengthen the conservation practices and sustainable utilization of frequently used bioresources by understanding the traditional knowledge system and conservation ethics of tribal communities in the Himalayan region.     

Tracking collaboration: forest planning and local participation on the San Juan National Forest,Colorado

The proliferation of community-based collaborative approaches to public land management and planning has spawned many questions regarding issues of community representation and the effects of participation for local residents. This paper presents a longitudinal assessment of local resident participation in collaborative forest planning on local community–forest relations in southwestern Colorado. Using survey data of participants involved in the San Juan National Forest's forest plan revision community study groups from 1998 to 2003, we assess participation in terms of community representation and the effects of community-based collaboration upon individuals' forest uses, forest values, and the level and form of involvement in forest management and planning activities. Results show that community representation remains slanted towards existing active stakeholders, and that while forest values, uses, and frequencies of involvement change little, participants cite positive effects in terms of the development of new knowledge, personal relationships, and greater confidence to engage in forest management affairs.     

Revealing inadvertent elitism in stakeholder models of environmental governance: assessing procedural justice in sustainability organizations

Consensus-based multi-stakeholder forms of environmental governance involving government, private and civil society actors, have become popular for advancing sustainability, but have been criticized for failing to achieve procedural justice objectives including recognition, participation and strengthening capabilities. Yet, how such models have functioned within non-governmental organizations dedicated to advancing sustainability has been underexplored. This paper assesses the procedural elements of consensus-based multi-stakeholder models used within Canadian biosphere reserves and model forests, two organizations working to address environment and sustainability issues. We draw on strategic documents and semi-structured interviews from five organizations in Canada to analyze their governance structures and processes against a framework for procedural justice. We find the organizational structure reproduces elitism and professionalism associated with stakeholder models more generally and reproduces challenges associated with recognition, participation and building capabilities found in other stakeholder approaches. Meeting broader sustainability challenges requires organizations to address procedural justice issues in addition to their traditional environmental concerns.     

Operationalising just sustainability: towards a model for place-based governance

As the concept of sustainability broadens to include social aspects, sustainability organisations must embrace strategies that allow them to more effectively address community issues and procedural concerns. Biosphere reserves (BRs) and model forests (MFs) advocate strongly for community engagement to achieve place-based sustainability; in practice, however, these organisations have had variable success in effectively engaging community residents and addressing their needs and interests. In this paper, we offer a framework for place-based governance for sustainability that is used to compare strategies used in BRs and MFs operating in the Maritime Provinces of Canada with the operations of Vibrant Communities, an anti-poverty organisation that operates locally in Saint John, New Brunswick. We draw attention to three imperatives: comprehensive understanding, community empowerment, and community-based outcomes, and five procedural drivers: local leadership, strong networks, diverse community engagement, learning together, and information sharing. Based on our results, we provide greater clarity on processes that address the imperatives and mobilise the drivers of effective place-based governance for sustainability. Our results suggest that there is a need for theory and practice to advance beyond current understandings of sustainability governance to enhance the capacity of organisations seeking to implement community-based sustainability strategies.