欧洲大气挥发性有机物大尺度监测进展及启示

开展大气臭氧前体物挥发性有机物(VOCs)的大尺度监测对于臭氧污染的联防联控有重要意义。欧洲早在20世纪90年代初就开展VOCs大尺度监测,而中国自2018年才开始建设全国性的VOCs监测网络,目前处于起步发展阶段。通过总结欧洲VOCs大尺度监测的发展历程、监测指标、质量保证及监测结果等,对中国VOCs监测提出建议:开展VOCs监测的顶层设计,对全国VOCs监测进行统一科学规划,保持VOCs监测的稳定性和持续性;通过科学方法筛选优化VOCs监测指标体系,构建统一的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,优先确保监测结果的准确性和可比性;将VOCs监测与现有的大气常规六参数常规监测网、颗粒物组分监测网等其他大气监测网有机融合,形成一个综合而丰富的大气环境监测网络,同时满足业务和科研需求。     

大型基础设施对地缘区人居环境的影响研究

基础设施的价值本源是对人的需求满足,通过与人居环境系统相互作用,表现为对良好人居环境的追求.以可持续的人居环境为目标,以系统思想分析大型基础设施和人居环境系统的作用机理,构建相互作用模型.即基础设施作为人居环境的承载体,通过能源动力、水资源、交通运输、邮电通讯、生态环境和防灾等子系统聚集,实现功能耦合,对自然、人类、社会、居住和支撑等子系统构成的人居环境系统产生相关作用.同时,人居环境系统的适应性促使其与基础设施影响反馈以构成闭环.以上海某典型交通枢纽地区的交通基础设施为例,设计了4个层次29个指标的大型交通基础设施对地缘区人居环境影响度指标体系,基于GA-BP混合算法的影响度模型进行测度.结果表明,大型基础设施与地缘区人居环境呈显著正向相关;社区配套设施完备程度是大型基础设施影响人居环境的主要传导途径;环境污染等指标反映出大型基础设施对人居环境的负面影响,是规划和建设的重点控制路径.     

模糊环境下的城市公共基础设施投资评价研究

公共基础设施是城市经济运行的支撑体系和物质载体,提高它的利用效益已经成为实现城市经济、社会和环境可持续发展的关键。政府资金的投入对促进公共基础设施建设有至关重要的作用。公共基础设施资金分配已成为城市发展的重要问题,如何将有限的资金合理地投资给不同的城市建设企业是公共管理领域研究的核心内容。本文根据公共基础设施投资建设环境的模糊性,通过使用三角模糊数,在引入交易成本的基础上,考虑了城市公共基础设施带来的经济、社会、环境影响,建立了基于模糊环境下的公共基础设施投资组合模型,使得在给定风险最大容忍水平的前提下,追求政府资金收益最大化。本文将公共基础设施投资组合模型运用到北京、天津、上海、重庆四大直辖市的城市建设投资公司中,在考虑公共基础设施投资数量因素的影响下得到了2000-2013年的最优投资比例。研究结果显示:国家一直将北京作为重点投资城市,在受到2008年北京奥运会的影响下,其它三市的投资比例逐渐减少,并在2012-2013年期间北京的投资比率达到了64.41%,这对天津和重庆的影响最大,特别是在2012-2013年期间天津的投资比率降到了5.22%。在四大直辖市中,上海的公共基础设施数量一直占有相当的优势,加上世博会的影响,上海的投资比例在2000-2011年期间一直保持稳定上升。综上可见,北京和上海仍然是国家重点建设城市,为了全面加快城市建设,应该在抓重点城市发展的同时加大对偏远地区的新型城镇化的投资建设支持,发挥好政府投资的带动作用。     

Developing green infrastructure ‘thinking’: devising and applying an interactive group-based methodology for practitioners

Recent years have witnessed a wave of interest in the concept of green infrastructure (GI) as a means of applying an ecosystem approach to spatial planning practice; however, more limited attention has been paid to decision-making processes or tools to enhance GI within spatial plans and guidance. We address this deficit by reporting on the development and application of an interactive group-based methodology to enhance GI ‘thinking’ and interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on the literature on the sociology of interactions. Our findings suggest that a game-based approach to GI problem-solving was successful in breaking down professional barriers by creating an informal learning arena, providing an enabling opportunity for participants to solve problems in an iterative, non-linear style to develop principles for action with transferability to ongoing plan formation. This style of problem-solving was characterised by shifting norms and routines of interaction, leading to problem re-framing and a search for alternative solutions.     

土地开发对城市经济增长的作用机制和传导路径——基于结构方程模型的实证检验

已有文献对土地开发、土地收入与城市经济增长间的关系进行了大量探讨,但未能揭示土地开发对城市经济增长的作用机制和传导路径,尤其是没有区分土地开发对城市经济增长的直接和间接影响,直接影响主要是土地开发收入用于城市基础设施建设带来的投资效应,间接影响包括土地开发收入通过改善城市基础设施和公共服务、增强对产业和人口的吸引力对城市经济增长的促进作用。本文构建了反映土地收入对城市经济增长的作用机制和传导路径的结构方程模型,利用285个城市2000—2010年以及2011—2013年的差分数据进行了实证检验。结果表明:土地开发收入显著促进了城市经济增长。2000—2010年间,土地出让收入每增长1个标准单位,城区GDP将增长3.09标准单位,其中土地开发收入的直接影响为0.35标准单位,间接影响为2.74标准单位。土地开发通过改善城市基础设施和公共服务、增强对产业集聚和常住人口吸引力的间接效应远大于用于城市基础设施建设投资的直接效应,在间接效应中,吸引产业集聚的影响大于吸引常住人口的影响。不同类型城市土地开发收入对城市GDP的直接影响和间接影响的程度不同。     

Governing green stormwater infrastructure: the Philadelphia experience

Many cities throughout the world are adopting green infrastructure techniques to reduce stormwater and sewer overflows into waterways, which is particularly problematic for places experiencing more frequent and severe rain events. Governance of green stormwater implementation is proving to be as important as the techniques themselves. Building on the climate and sustainability governance literature, we argue that effective governance requires planning across city departments, experimentation and a strategy for organisational learning. We employ a case study of Philadelphia, the first city in the United States to attempt an entirely green approach to meeting federal regulations to examine issues of governance that emerged and how they were addressed. The case study draws on interviews with fourteen public and private sector actors involved in implementation, a site visit to observe the installations and to discuss the approach with a key planner, and grey literature. We find that silos can be broken down and that if open communications and a willingness to change practices are present, obstacles cited in the literature can be overcome. The key implication is that the three elements of governance need to be built into the green infrastructure planning process. While the analysis focuses on a US city, the departments involved and the governance needs of green stormwater infrastructure are similar in cities in much of the world.     

National infrastructure,small towns and sustainable mobility – experiences from policy and strategy in two Swedish municipalities

This study explores the implications of improved access to national rail and road infrastructure for urban planning and land use in two small Swedish towns. The promotion of sustainable mobility is considered a strategic objective at the municipal level, yet the study questions the extent to which national investments, and increased access to regional labour markets, support local efforts to increase sustainable mobility. The results indicate that municipalities struggle to adopt coherent approaches to increasing sustainable mobility and continue to develop physical plans that induce use of motor vehicles, a trend reinforced by national investments in road infrastructure in peri-urban areas.     

From fatalism to resilience: reducing disaster impacts through systematic investments

This paper describes a method for reducing the economic risks associated with predictable natural hazards by enhancing the resilience of national infrastructure systems. The three-step generalised framework is described along with examples. Step one establishes economic baseline growth without the disaster impact. Step two characterises economic growth constrained by a disaster. Step three assesses the economy's resilience to the disaster event when it is buffered by alternative resiliency investments. The successful outcome of step three is a disaster-resistant core of infrastructure systems and social capacity more able to maintain the national economy and development post disaster. In addition, the paper considers ways to achieve this goal in data-limited environments. The method provides a methodology to address this challenge via the integration of physical and social data of different spatial scales into macroeconomic models. This supports the disaster risk reduction objectives of governments, donor agencies, and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.     

Realising a resilient and sustainable built environment: towards a strategic agenda for the United Kingdom

Recent natural and human-induced emergencies have highlighted the vulnerability of the built environment. Although most emergency events are not entirely unexpected, and the effects can be mitigated, emergency managers in the United Kingdom have not played a sufficiently proactive role in the mitigation of such events. If a resilient and sustainable built environment is to be achieved, emergency management should be more proactive and receive greater input from the stakeholders responsible for the planning, design, construction and operation of the built environment. This paper highlights the need for emergency management to take a more systematic approach to hazard mitigation by integrating more with professions from the construction sector. In particular, design changes may have to be considered, critical infrastructures must be protected, planning policies should be reviewed, and resilient and sustainable agendas adopted by all stakeholders.     

宁波城市基础设施现代化水平综合评价与预测

从道路交通、给水能源、信息通讯、环境卫生和排水排污5个方面构建了宁波市城市基础设施现代化评价指标体系,在此基础上选取1997~2003年有关统计数据对宁波城市基础设施现代化水平进行了定量评价,结合宁波市城市建设实际,分析了宁波城市基础设施现代化建设中的主要建设绩效和存在的问题,利用灰色系统预测模型,对宁波市城市基础设施现代化发展水平进行预测。结果表明：近期2005年宁波市城市基础设施现代化综合指数将达到83.8%,初具现代化城市基础设施建设的雏形;中期2010年,城市基础设施现代化综合指数将达到95.0%,具有较高的建设水平,但城市基础设施现代化建设任务仍较艰巨。提出4点加快宁波市城市基础设施现代化建设的对策建议。