流域水污染防治的比较研究——淮河与莱茵河、多瑙河

为了从流域综合治理的角度识别淮河流域水污染控制的主要特征,利用DPSIR框架各环节的主要指标和信息,通过比较研究分析淮河流域与国外流域的相似性和差异性,认为淮河流域的主要特征为：人口密度较高且持续增长、城镇化快速发展;经济规模不断扩张且主要以粗放式工业增长为动力;流域管理机构的权威性和协调能力不足;水污染处理基础设施建设严重滞后,污染减排和水质改善效果不佳。最后从水污染防治的规划目标、策略等方面提出建议。     

江南丘陵山区农业规模化对水土流失的影响研究综述

农业规模经营是实现农业现代化的重要路径。为了探讨丘陵山区农业规模化发展对于水土流失的影响机理。通过文献综述法梳理相关研究,分析现有研究存在的不足,并提出研究展望。综观前人的研究可以得知:(1)农业规模经营的效益、政策与推动机制等状况;(2)丘陵山区水土流失的影响因素乃为自然因素与人为因素交互作用的结果,以及农业活动对水土流失的影响;(3)水土流失的调查、监测与影响因素的评估方法及仿真模拟。最后,提出5点研究展望:(1)构建丘陵山区水土流失驱动力模型;(2)建立丘陵山区农业规模化对水土流失的影响评估指标体系;(3)甄别影响程度及其时空差异;(4)丘陵山区农业规模化的水土流失效应模拟反演;(5)提出丘陵山区水土资源可持续利用的农业规模化政策建议。以期对我国丘陵山区发展适度农业规模化与可持续发展研究提供科学参考。     

铁路运输生命周期评价初探

基于生命周期评价方法,建立了我国铁路运输的生命周期模型,包含电力机车和内燃机车的运行、基础设施建设、上游能源和原料生产等主要过程;采用我国2010年铁路货运统计数据、中国生命周期核心数据库(CLCD)等数据源,通过eBalance软件对铁路运输生命周期的环境影响进行了计算和分析. 归一化分析表明,铁路运输生命周期的主要环境影响类型为富营养化、酸化和可吸入无机物,三者分别占全国相应环境影响类型总量的0.92%、0.70%和0.62%. 对大理—保山段铁路实际建设数据的研究表明,铁路基础设施建设及原材料生产的各项环境影响类型对铁路运输生命周期环境影响的贡献在9.45%(富营养化)～73.55%(非能源资源消耗)之间,影响十分显著. 生命周期节能减排综合评价表明,铁路运输节能减排综合指标的主要贡献来自于初级能耗、NO_x和CO₂,三者分别占ECER(节能减排综合指标值)的30.90%、27.50%和21.60%. 电力机车运输的节能减排效果优于内燃机车运输,其节能减排综合影响比内燃机车低41.91%.      

突发事件下城市关键基础设施应急策略研究

城市关键基础设施系统由于相互之间存在的各种关联关系而形成了一个相互依存的网络化复杂系统,在突发事件下,一个单一系统功能的失效或部分功能丧失会导致与其相关联的系统产生级联失效现象。针对关键基础设施系统间相互耦合的特性,建立了突发事件下多层系统之间的供需关系网络数学模型,提出当某单一系统的节点失效后,通过分析事故链,利用与之耦合系统的供需关联关系,进行紧急状态下的备用资源调度应急策略。研究表明,基于城市关键基础设施系统之间的供需关联关系来进行资源调度的应急决策能够有效地突破传统方法中以调用备用资源为主的单系统内部优化应急策略的局限性,更有效地优化整个网络资源以降低系统总体损失。     

A Review of Range Production and Management Extension Activities in Kenya

The paper presents an overview of the development of range management extension activities in Kenya. The status quo of range management activities is discussed with particular reference to extension infrastructure, scope of extension interventions and mechanisms of dissemination of these innovations. On the basis of the nature of available innovations and efficiency of dissemination mechanisms, the paper emphasizes the need for future institutional reforms to facilitate successful application of technological interventions, validation of the Kenyan innovation Diffusion Model and enhancement of the social acceptability of technological interventions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

三江平原气候变暖的进一步认识:最高和最低气温的变化

利用三江平原17个站1951-2000年的平均最高、最低气温和气温日较差资料，采用线性倾向估计和几种突变检测方法，定量研究了最高、最低气温和气温日较差变化趋势的空间分布，比较了最高、最低气温变化特征的差异性。结合前期的相关研究结果，对研究区20世纪70年代中期以来的三江平原气候变暖过程和成因有了进一步的认识。1975—2000年的变暖时期主要由两个阶段构成：1975—1987年为第一阶段，以夜间升温为主要特征，相对应的是气温日较差明显减小，超过一定面积的湿地开垦是该阶段气候变暖的主要驱动力之一；1987-2000年为第二阶段，以白天和夜间同时升温且幅度相当，气温日较差没有明显的变化趋势为特点，这一阶段的升温是对全球气候变暖同步的区域响应。     

能源基础设施在推进生态工业园区建设中的作用研究——以浙江杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为例

生态工业园区建设是工业领域加快经济方式转变,推进工业生态文明建设的重要组成部分.园区层面基础设施共享对推进园区生态化建设、构建产业共生具有重要的支撑作用.能源基础设施越来越多地在园区生态化发展中发挥着重要作用.以杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为例,研究其2005年以来能源基础设施多功能化发展对推进园区生态化发展的作用.通过拓展能源基础设施的功能,引导热电企业成为解决环境问题的要素,在污泥干化焚烧、有机废气焚烧等方面充分发挥作用;同时逐步增加清洁能源和可再生能源的利用比例,减少一次能源中煤炭的消费量.形成了能源基础设施多功能化推进园区生态化发展的示范模式.上虞经济技术开发区能源基础设施多功能化显著地推进了生态化发展,在区域循环经济发展中承担着分解者的重要作用,其实践模式将为国内众多类似化工园区的绿色低碳循环发展提供积极的借鉴和参考作用.     

Renaturing cities using a regionally-focused biodiversity-led multifunctional benefits approach to urban green infrastructure

If a ‘Renaturing of Cities’ strategy is to maximise the ecosystem service provision of urban green infrastructure (UGI), then detailed consideration of a habitat services, biodiversity-led approach and multifunctionality are necessary rather than relying on the assumed benefits of UGI per se. The paper presents preliminary data from three case studies, two in England and one in Germany, that explore how multifunctionality can be achieved, the stakeholders required, the usefulness of an experimental approach for demonstrating transformation, and how this can be fed back into policy. We argue that incorporating locally contextualised biodiversity-led UGI design into the planning and policy spheres contributes to the functioning and resilience of the city and provides the adaptability to respond to locally contextualised challenges, such as overheating, flooding, air pollution, health and wellbeing as well as biodiversity loss. Framing our research to encompass both the science of biodiversity-led UGI and co-developing methods for incorporating a strategic approach to implementation of biodiversity-led UGI by planners and developers addresses a gap in current knowledge and begins to address barriers to UGI implementation. By combining scientific with policy learning and defined urban environmental targets with community needs, our research to date has begun to demonstrate how nature-based solutions to building resilience and adaptive governance can be strategically incorporated within cities through UGI.     

Clean production in context: an information infrastructure perspective

The electronics industry is generally recognized as a leader in clean production practices. Industrial ecology, however, encourages a systemic approach to sectoral behavior, which means that not just production, but also the role of electronics products and services in supporting an information culture should be considered as part of a comprehensive analysis. The eventual goal should be the production of social practices and systems that provide the desired functionality and quality of life in an environmentally acceptable manner. A conceptual framework for such an analysis of information infrastructure is presented, although the analyses and data required for a full understanding remain limited and preliminary in many ways.     

Managing Uncertainty in Runoff Estimation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Stormwater Calculator

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Stormwater Calculator (NSWC) simplifies the task of estimating runoff through a straightforward simulation process based on the EPA Stormwater Management Model. The NSWC accesses localized climate and soil hydrology data, and options to experiment with low‐impact development (LID) features for parcels up to 5 ha in size. We discuss how the NSWC treats the urban hydrologic cycle and focus on the estimation uncertainty in soil hydrology and its impact on runoff simulation by comparing field‐measured soil hydrologic data from 12 cities to corresponding NSWC estimates in three case studies. The default NSWC hydraulic conductivity is 10.1 mm/h, which underestimates conductivity measurements for New Orleans, Louisiana (95 ± 27 mm/h) and overestimates that for Omaha, Nebraska (3.0 ± 1.0 mm/h). Across all cities, the NSWC prediction, on average, underestimated hydraulic conductivity by 10.5 mm/h compared to corresponding measured values. In evaluating how LID interact with soil hydrology and runoff response, we found direct hydrologic interaction with pre‐existing soil shows high sensitivity in runoff prediction, whereas LID isolated from soils show less impact. Simulations with LID on higher permeability soils indicate that nearly all of pre‐LID runoff is treated; while features interacting with less‐permeable soils treat only 50%. We highlight the NSWC as a screening‐level tool for site runoff dynamics and its suitability in stormwater management.