Planning environmental sanitation programmes in emergencies

Environmental sanitation programmes are vital for tackling environmental-related disease and ensuring human dignity in emergency situations. If they are to have maximum impact they must be planned in a rapid but systematic manner. An appropriate planning process comprises five key stages: rapid assessment and priority setting; outline programme design; immediate action; detailed programme design; and implementation. The assessment should be based on carefully selected data, which are analysed via comparison with suitable minimum objectives. How the intervention should be prioritised is determined through objective ranking of different environmental sanitation sector needs. Next, a programme design outline is produced to identify immediate and longer-term intervention activities and to guarantee that apposite resources are made available. Immediate action is taken to meet acute emergency needs while the detailed programme design takes shape. This entails in-depth consultation with the affected community and comprehensive planning of activities and resource requirements. Implementation can then begin, which should involve pertinent management and monitoring strategies.     

大型活动客流监测预警方法研究

随着我国经济文化的发展,大型活动日益增多,大型活动中人群拥挤事故作为大型活动事故预防控制的重点,逐渐引起人们的重视.本文从观众结构、时间分布、空间分布及运动性特征四方面分析了大型活动客流的相关特性;论述了大型活动安全监测的内容与方法,确定了安全监测的重点部位;从安全容量、安全密度、安全速度、密度变化率和速度变化率五个角度提出了大型活动客流风险的预警方法,并比较了各类方法的优缺点.研究成果为保障我国大型活动的顺利召开,避免拥挤踩踏事故的发生有一定的借鉴意义.     

大型排架施工安全监控机制研究

以大型排架为研究对象,研究排架从设计开始、搭设过程、排架使用过程、排架拆除等环节,从安全组织、技术措施、监督检查、安全许可等方面严格把关,对工程建设参建各方应该履行的安全生产管理职责、权限、工作内容及工作流程进行梳理和细化,设置控制节点,强化中间环节的安全检查,实现排架全生命过程的安全控制,研究成果以程序文件表现。大型排架施工过程监控程序文件中有工作流程8个,对应安全检查表10个,工作流程环环相扣,安全检查表间相互关联。通过实施大型排架施工过程监控程序文件,严格过程监督管理,保证高排架在搭设与使用中不发生安全生产事故,有效杜绝了类似于高排架垮塌伤人等群体性伤害安全事故。     

The potential implementation of green infrastructure assessment using high-resolution National Agriculture Imagery Program data for sustainable hazard mitigation

As green infrastructure gets its attention in hazard mitigation, it is necessary to improve general understanding on what makes green infrastructure important for hazard and resiliency research. To better understand how green infrastructure fits with more traditional notions of structural and nonstructural mitigation, this study examines the relationship between green infrastructure and ‘structural and nonstructural’ mitigation approaches for hazard mitigation. Also, this study discusses a new measurement of locational aspects and spatial patterns of green infrastructure by utilizing high-resolution data in urban areas, and its potential implementation in hazard mitigation. Compared to previous research using land-use land-cover datasets, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) utilizing National Agriculture Imagery Program dataset provides an ability to capture green infrastructure in greater detail. A visual comparison suggests that the NDVI data are able to capture and identify more types of ‘green’ land uses in Harris County. The total green infrastructure percentages for Harris County, Texas, based on 1-m high resolution were found to be 61.5% of the area, compared to the 51.5% based on the National Land Cover Database. This study provides support for utilizing high-resolution data to establish guidelines for green infrastructure’s spatial characteristics and sustainable hazard mitigation. The outcomes of this study will be helpful in the strategic planning and implementation of green infrastructure in urban areas with hazard issues.     

大型猪场传染病流行的新特点与免疫程序设计

当前大型猪场疫病流行的新特点有九大类,主要是防疫好口蹄疫、猪瘟、蓝耳、伪狂犬、乙脑、细小病毒及气喘病等.猪群只要疫苗免疫得当,加上合理的药物保健程序,控制好一些继发感染(主要是副猪嗜血杆菌、传染性胸膜肺炎、弓形体、附红细胞体等),猪群则会处于较好的保护状态下,没有必要做很多的疫苗.     

生物滞留设施去除城市道路径流中邻苯二甲酸酯的效果评估

上海市区道路径流中存在邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染,平均浓度达到171.71μg·L~(-1),高于欧洲和澳大利亚道路径流浓度近一个数量级,直接排放会对地表水体造成污染.为了从源头控制道路径流中PAEs污染,在上海内环高架道路下建造了应用规模生物滞留设施,研究城市绿色基础设施对道路径流中6种美国EPA优先控制PAEs污染物的控制效果及机理.生物滞留设施表面积为20 m2,汇水面积约为400 m2,底部带有防渗膜,适用于高地下水位地区.结果表明,8场监测降雨事件中,设施出水∑6PAEs平均浓度为10.23μg·L~(-1),显著低于道路径流∑6PAEs平均浓度171.71μg·L~(-1)(p0.05).沉淀预处理对PAEs无显著去除效果,生物滞留池对DEHP的去除率与TSS的去除率呈显著正相关,主要通过基质层截留作用去除;DEP、DBP、DMP等低分子量PAEs的去除率与设施水力负荷呈负相关,主要通过生物滞留池基质的吸附作用去除.DEHP、DBP为我国《地表水环境控制标准》控制污染物,生物滞留池出水DBP浓度低于标准值3μg·L~(-1),达标率100%;出水DEHP浓度大多情况下低于标准值8μg·L~(-1),达标率为71%,生物滞留设施可以有效控制道路径流PAEs污染.本研究的结果适用于我国东南部地下水位较高的地区,可为绿色基础设施控制地表径流PAEs提供设计理论指导.     

Implementation of the ecosystem services approach in Swedish municipal planning

While ecosystem-based planning approaches are increasingly promoted through international and national policies, municipalities are still struggling with translating them into practice. Against this background, this paper aims to increase the knowledge of current advances and possible ways to support the implementation of the ecosystem services (ES) approach at the municipal level. More specifically, we analyze how ES have been integrated into comprehensive planning within the municipality of Malmö in Sweden over the last 60 years, a declared forerunner in local environmental governance. Based on a content analysis of comprehensive plans over the period 1956–2014 and interviews with municipal stakeholders, this paper demonstrates how planning has shifted over time toward a more holistic view of ES and their significance for human well-being and urban sustainability. Both explicit and implicit applications of the ES concept were found in the analyzed comprehensive plans and associated programs and projects. Our study shows how these applications reflect international, national, and local policy changes, and indicates how municipalities can gradually integrate the ES approach into comprehensive planning and facilitate the transition from implicit to more explicit knowledge use.     

大型仓库防火分区问题性能化设计研究

本文运用性能化设计方法对某大型仓库防火分区问题进行分析说明,其结果勿需对空间进行实体分隔,从而实现动态分区。为了实现了动态分区,通过采用合理的消防对策和减少火灾时热释放速率的方法,防止火灾扩散和蔓延。本文运用ISO9705实验装置研究了该仓库内主要可燃物(轮胎)在不同堆放方式下的热释放速率,通过确定可燃物堆放方式来减少该仓库的热释放速率,由于研究结果表明了可燃物水平堆放比垂直堆放的热释放速率小得多,从而可燃物应水平堆放;同时本文也对采用标准喷头和快速响应早期抑制喷头的自动喷水灭火系统分别进行了科学计算,比较二者的结果所得：标准喷头不能实现对着火源的控制,而快速响应早期抑制喷头可以对着火源的控制,该仓库的自动喷水灭火系统采用快速响应早期抑制喷头可以将火势控制在一定的范围内,火源上方(z=6．8m)温度分布也表明该仓库不需要进行钢结构保护。     

南方城市雨洪基础设施安全保障对策探析

通过对基础设施、单项综合交通、环境保护、绿地系统及河湖水系、城市排水、综合防灾规划中雨洪相关内容进行整合,建立科学的雨洪专项综合规划模式。对雨洪专项综合规划中的城市基础设施用地规划、道路雨水收集方式、绿地系统、河湖水面及大型公共设施的雨洪调蓄用地、雨水的环境污染、雨水工程及防洪工程等雨洪内容进行控制,确保雨洪专项综合规划的实施。采用区域统筹、科学调度的综合管理模式,保障雨洪专项综合规划健康持续发展,为提高城市雨洪基础设施安全保障性能、提升城市防灾减灾能力提供科学依据。     

大规模突发事件中基于满意度的应急物资优化调度模型

建立了大规模突发事件下供给点应急物资供应数量小于应急点应急物资需求数量的应急物资管理调度模型。同时结合大规模突发事件的特点,将模型设为多时段动态变化的,能使有限资源达到最大救援效用的多物资、多种运输方式、多运输车辆的物资优化调度模型,并根据不同应急点对物资需求的重要程度不同引入权重系数,使应急救援初期有限资源的分配达到整体的最大满意度。结合模型特点,给出模型的求解算法,并通过一个算例验证模型和算法的有效性。最后得出,以整体应急点的满意度作为具有多货物多起止点多运输方式等特点的应急物资调度问题的目标函数,能使应急救援过程达到最大的救援效率。