基于珙桐保护与资源开发的思考——珙桐叶复合袋泡茶加工工艺研究

主要利用珙桐叶的抗癌、防癌、抗氧化等特性,结合传统中医理论,将其与绿茶、余甘子、甜叶茶进行科学配伍,对珙桐叶的复方袋泡茶加工工艺进行研究,期望通过对珙桐资源的开发来促进珙桐由被动保护向主动保护转变,从而达到生态效益与经济效益双赢的目的。     

Combined effects of elevated CO2 and natural climatic variation on leaf spot diseases of redbud and sweetgum trees

Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are predicted to double within the next century and alter climate regimes, yet the extent that these changes will affect plant diseases remains unclear. In this study conducted over five years, we assessed how elevated CO₂ and interannual climatic variability affect Cercospora leaf spot diseases of two deciduous trees. Climatic data varied considerably between the five years and altered disease expression. Disease incidence and severity for both species were greater in years with above average rainfall. In years with above average temperatures, disease incidence for Liquidambar styraciflua was decreased significantly. When significant changes did occur, disease incidence and severity always increased under elevated CO₂. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of leaves revealed that any visible increase in disease severity induced by elevated CO₂ was mitigated by higher photosynthetic efficiency in the remaining undamaged leaf tissue and in a halo surrounding lesions.     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

浙江千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型和取食强度研究

选择千岛湖地区不同大小岛屿为样地,对苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)叶片虫食状类型和取食强度进行了研究.结果表明,千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型为16种,但取食频率不同.取食频率和取食部位对叶片危害程度的分析结果显示,缘食状、掏食状、顶食状、阴面食状和叶中脉状对植物叶片的影响更大.16种取食状中,缘食状和顶食状、缘食状和阴面食状之间呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),缘食状与大孔状、顶食状与大孔状、顶食状与掏食状、阳面食状与阴面食状之间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).苦槠叶片被昆虫取食的频率为84%,但绝大多数受害程度低.     

板栗产区有机堆肥产物磷形态特征及其对叶片磷含量的影响

采用Dou的磷形态分级方法和大田试验,研究了板栗产区栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-秸秆-鸡粪混合堆肥(BYZ)、菌渣鸡粪堆肥(ZF)、栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ1和BZ2)这4种有机物料中的磷形态特征及其对结果枝叶片磷含量的影响.结果表明:1 4种有机堆肥产物全磷含量表现为:BZ1(10.61 g·kg-1)ZF(9.03 g·kg-1)BYZ(8.56 g·kg-1)BZ2(7.68 g·kg-1),并均以无机磷为主,无机磷占全磷的比例在62.88%~73.62%之间;2 4种有机堆肥产物各形态总磷中除ZF以较稳定的HClP含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高以外,其他3种均以活性的H_2O-P含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高,Na OH-P含量均较低;3各形态中的无机磷以活性的H_2O-Pi或Na HCO3-Pi占形态总磷的比例最高(89.17%~96.00%),且在回收全磷中BZ2中的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi和HCl-Pi,其他3种的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi、HCl-Pi和Na HCO3-Pi,各形态有机磷主要分布于残留态磷,BZ2中比例最高;4等磷量大田试验结果表明,板栗结果枝叶片单位面积叶片磷含量整体表现为BZ2BZ1BYZZFCK,高峰期(7月)、平均每月叶片磷含量增值与堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及其占回收全磷的比例呈显著或极显著正相关,推测集中深施情况下有机堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及占全磷的比例是当年板栗叶片磷吸收的重要影响因素.整体研究表明,栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ2)具有高比例的水溶态无机磷和残留态有机磷库,使板栗叶片磷含量最高,且其原料中板栗产业废弃物配比高达80%(栗蓬栗叶60%+菌渣20%),是产区好氧堆肥原料体系的较佳选择.     

凤眼莲不同部位对重金属的吸收、吸附作用研究

以绥宁河为例，通过研究凤眼莲各部位对重金属的吸收和吸附作用。探讨水生植物对改善城市内河水环境的重要性。实验数据表明。在凤眼莲对重金属的富集作用中，根部的贡献远大于茎叶部，根部对重金属的吸收量是茎叶部的几十至几百倍。此外，根部吸附作用对水环境中重金属的去除也起了相当重要的作用。     

城市植物叶片金属元素含量与大气污染的关系

采样分析了株洲清水塘工业区两上厂及圣贤区七种植物叶片中甲、钙、镁、锰、铁、铜、铅、锌和砷十种元素的含量，按照ＩＰ含污量指标，对测定区的大气质量做了分析评价，由原子吸收光谱仪测定植物叶片中锌、铅、镉和砷的含量，可以判定测定区的大气污染等级。     

水分胁迫对燥红土和变性土上生长的玉米叶片几种酶活性的影响

采用盆栽控制试验，研究了不同处理条件下，水分胁迫对金沙江干热河谷典型土壤(燥红土和变性土)生长的玉米(Zea mays L.)叶片中几种酶活性的影响．结果表明：(1)在一定的水分胁迫范围内，玉米叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASP)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均随着土壤含水量的降低而升高，但过度胁迫时，酶活性降低；(2)随着土壤含水量降低，玉米叶片中保护酶活性的变化规律略有差异，这与二者的土壤物理性质有关；(3)施肥处理和栽培方式对玉米叶片的酶活性有影响，增施有机肥和Zn肥可提高适度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片中POD、CAT、ASP和PPO活性．图4参35     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4 pg g⁻¹ with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13 235.7 and 13 668.0 pg d⁻¹, respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6 pg d⁻¹ after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.     

珠江三角洲地区主要树种叶片多环芳烃含量特征及影响因素分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定了珠江三角洲地区6种主要树种叶片多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对相应的叶脂含量、叶面积、比叶面积进行了测定,探讨了叶片PAHs含量特征和种间差异的影响因素.结果显示,松针PAHs含量显著高于阔叶,马尾松松针含量最高(1 034.7 ng·g-1),荷木含量最低(199.7 ng·g-1).在所有样品中,芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、世面(艹屈)为主要的PAHs组分,3、4环PAHs含量占∑PAHs的80%以上,各环化合物与∑PAHs在不同显著性水平上呈显著正相关关系.按脂含量计算PAHs含量能大大缩小种间含量的差异,高、低值相差约2倍(分别为6.8 ng·mg-1和2.7 ng·mg-1);按单位叶面积计算的PAHs含量进一步扩大了种间差异,最高值(15.3 ng·cm-2)约最低值(1.9 ng·cm-2)的8倍.进一步分析表明,ΣPAHs、3环PAHs、4环PAHs与脂含量呈良好线性正相关关系、与比叶面积表现出一定的线性负相关关系,显示两者是影响叶片PAHs含量种间差异的重要因素.