Detoxification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by the harvestman <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mitopus morio</Emphasis> (Phalangidae) a predator of alkaloid defended leaf beetles

Summary. The harvestman Mitopus morio (Phalangidae) is a generalist predator. It is known to prey on larvae of the chrysomelid leaf beetle Oreina cacaliae defended by plant acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Tracer feeding experiments were performed to determine how harvestmen tolerate protoxic PAs. Minced meat containing either [¹⁴C]senecionine or [¹⁴C]senecionine N-oxide was fed to M. morio and subsequently feces and bodies were analyzed. Labeled alkaloid N-oxide remained stable and was eliminated almost unaltered with the feces; only 10% was recovered as tertiary PA. In contrast, approximately 80% of labeled tertiary alkaloid (senecionine) ingested with the diet was N-oxidized and eliminated; the remaining 20% consisted of unchanged senecionine and a polar metabolite of unknown structure. Harvestmen process their diet by excreting digestive juice, indicated by bleaching of the meat color. Analysis of the processed diet revealed some N-oxidation of [¹⁴C]senecionine, suggesting the gut as the site of Noxidation. Analysis of the bodies of harvestmen 80 hours after the tracer feeding pulse revealed only trace amounts of the polar metabolite. Neither senecionine nor its N-oxide could be detected in the body extracts. The results are discussed in relation to the strategies of PA adapted insects to avoid accumulation of tertiary PAs in living tissues.     

广州白云山风景区阔叶植物叶片中的多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs)在环境中分布极广,作为持久性亲脂有机污染物,具有很强的生物累积性。植物对周围环境有着高度的依赖性,阔叶植物由于叶面巨大的表面积,容易吸收富集环境中的多环芳烃。采集了白云山9种阔叶植物叶片样品,利用GC-MS对样品中的多环芳烃进行了定量分析。结果表明,白云山阔叶植物叶片样品中的PAHs以芘所占比例最高,总PAHs为460.2～1303.5ng·g-1(干质量)。从组成上看,白云山阔叶植物叶片中多环芳烃以3环、4环为主,比较发现这种组成特征与大气中PAHs相似。运用分子标志物比值法分析PAHs的来源,发现阔叶植物样品中PAHs主要是热成因来源。广州市工业发达,环境中含有较高PAHs在白云山阔叶植物叶片中已有明显的反映,应加强对环境中PAHs监控和治理。     

Food influence on colonial recognition and chemical signature between nestmates in the fungus-growing ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus</Emphasis>

Summary. Neotropical Fungus-growing leaf-cutting ants (tribe Attini) live in obligatory symbiosis with a fungus, which they grow on fresh leaves harvested by workers. Colonial recognition is likely based on chemical cues provided by cuticular hydrocarbons that have been found to be partly influenced by environmental odor sources. The diet breadth of Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus enabled us to test the impact of different plant diets on colonial recognition. The intermediary of the fungus in the ants feeding habit adds a special angle to the question. From a queenright (QR) mother colony of A. s. subterraneus we formed several groups of queenless (QL) workers with fungus (approx. 700 ants). The QR colony and two of the QL-groups were fed with the same diet of fresh bramble leaves. Two other QL-groups were fed with privet leaves and two with rose flowers. After 4 months, QR workers were significantly more aggressive towards the QL-group fed with rose flowers or privet leaves than towards workers of the QL-groups fed with fresh bramble leaves. Rose-fed QL workers were aggressive towards privet-fed QL workers and vice versa, but never towards workers of their counterpart group that fed on the same diet. These results suggest that the absence of the queen or the separation time between groups played a minor role in shaping nestmate recognition cues as compared to the diet. The behavioral studies were supplemented by chemical analyses of cuticles, postpharyngeal glands (PPG) and plant-food extracts revealing profiles variations that were correlated with the dietary changes. However, although the plant extract contained several hydrocarbons there was no congruency between the plant profile and the respective diet-group ants. These results support the hypothesis that the diet influences indirectly the chemical profiles and consequently the recognition cues in A. s. subterraneus.     

Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth,gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine seedlings

Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｕｌｆｕｒｄｉｏｘｉｄｅｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈ，ｇａｓｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒａｔｅａｎｄｌｅａｆｓｕｌｆｕｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆｍａｓｓｉｏｎｐｉｎｅｓｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓＹａｎｇＬｉａｎｇＵｎｉｔｅｄＧｒａｄｕａｔｅＳｃｈｏｏｌ，ＴｏｋｙｏＵｎ...     

外秦淮河生态护坡挺水植物适应性试验研究

针对外秦淮河的污染状况,采用挺水植物菖蒲和狭叶香蒲进行试验,对外秦淮河的污染水质进行净化;同时进行两种挺水植物在外秦淮河当前水质下的耐淹没性试验.通过试验研究得出,在深秋季节,虽然菖蒲和狭叶香蒲两种植物已经处于生长周期的最后阶段,但是对外秦淮河污染水质仍然有较好的净化效果,对TP、TN、氨氮等的去除率能达到80%以上,对CODMn的去除率偏低.而且通过净化和耐淹试验中两种植物的对比,菖蒲比狭叶香蒲更能适应外秦淮河的水质状况.     

Kinetics of low level chemiluminescence from plant leaf smoked by air pollutants

ＫｉｎｅｔｉｃｓｏｆｌｏｗｌｅｖｅｌｃｈｅｍｉｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｃｅｆｒｏｍｐｌａｎｔｌｅａｆｓｍｏｋｅｄｂｙａｉｒｐｏｌｕｔａｎｔｓＷａｎｇＹｉｎｇｙａｎ，ＷａｎｇＪｉｎｇｕａｎｇＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕ...     

Leaf litter ecological fate in the Schelde Estuary in Belgium

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＳｃｈｅｌｄｅＲｉｖｅｒｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｓｉｎＳａｉｎｔ Ｑｕｅｎｔｉｎ(ＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＦｒａｎｃｅ) ,ｐａｓｓｅｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈＢｅｌｇｉｕｍａｎｄｔｈｅＮｅｔｈｅｒｌａｎｄｓａｎｄｔｈｅｎｆｌｏｗｓｉｎｔｏｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈＳｅａｉｎＶｌｉｓｓｉｎｇｅｎ .ＩｔｉｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｔｒｕｅｅｓｔｕａｒｙｌｅｆｔｉｎｔｈｅＤｅｌｔａａｒｅａ(Ｈｅｒｍａｎ ,1999) .ＴｈｅＢｅｌｇｉａｎｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄｔｈｅｓｏ ｃａｌｌｅｄＳＩＧＭＡｐｌａｎｆｏｌｌｏｗ…     

掌叶大黄叶资源的开发与利用

对掌叶大黄叶中的药用成分做了定性分析,运用凯氏定氮法和液相色谱仪对粗蛋白和氨基酸的含量进行了测定。实验结果表明:掌叶大黄叶中含有多种药用成分,含有除色氨酸以外的7种人体必需氨基酸,粗蛋白含量在叶及叶柄中分别为干重的0 5712%和1 896%。在此基础上,对掌叶大黄叶资源的开发与利用进行了讨论。     

Potential ammonia emission from flag leaves of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari)

The present study aimed to investigate the potential ammonia (NH₃) emission from flag leaves of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). The study was conducted at a paddy field in central Japan that was designed as a free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) facility for paddy rice. A dynamic chamber method was used to measure the potential NH₃ emissions. The air concentrations of NH₃ at two heights (2 and 6 m from the ground surface) were measured using a filter-pack method, and the exchange fluxes of NH₃ of the whole paddy field were calculated using a gradient method. The flag leaves showed potential NH₃ emissions of 25-38 ng N cm⁻² h⁻¹ in the daytime from the heading to the maturity stages, and they showed potentials of approximately 22 ng N cm⁻² h⁻¹, even in the nighttime, at the heading and mid-ripening stages. The exchange fluxes of NH₃ of the whole paddy field in the daytime were net emissions of 0.9-3.9 g N ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ whereas the exchange fluxes of NH₃ in the nighttime were approximately zero.     

UV-B辐射对亚热带森林凋落叶氮、磷元素释放的影响

UV-B辐射对凋落物分解过程的影响已成为全球变化生态学研究中的前沿和热点问题之一.采用分解袋法对自然和UV-B辐射滤减两种环境下亚热带6种代表性树种(杉木、马尾松、木荷、香樟、青冈和甜槠)凋落叶氮、磷元素的释放动态进行了研究.结果表明,凋落叶氮元素的动态表现为直接富集、释放-富集和释放-富集-释放3种模式,磷元素的动态表现为直接释放、富集-释放-富集和无明显变化3种模式.与对照相比,UV-B辐射滤减显著延缓了甜槠凋落叶氮元素及青冈和甜槠凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),但促进了香樟凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),对其他树种凋落叶的氮或磷释放无显著影响.凋落叶的初始氮含量和C/N比值不能解释氮释放动态,C/P比值可以部分解释磷的释放.全球环境变化背景下UV-B辐射在湿润亚热带地区森林生态系统过程中的作用尚需进一步认识和理解.