基于Logistic模型水环境污染农业经济损失研究

基于污染物的环境污染损失机理性模型,Logistic方程及环境价值的相关理论,建立了环境污染经济损失估算模型。利用此模型估算了2003—2007年某市2条主要河流J河和G河的水污染造成的农业经济损失,并计算了2007年度5种污染物浓度单独增加10%造成的污染损失值。结果表明：近5a来,2条主要河流由于水环境污染造成的农业经济损失逐年增加。     

上海都市农业可持续发展的定量综合评价

在借鉴国内外已有相关研究成果的基础上,构建了一套能凸显都市农业特色的可持续发展评价指标体系,选用以层次分析法与信息熵法相结合确定指标权重为核心的数学模型与方法,从时间尺度上对1993年上海自开展都市农业实践以来的都市农业可持续发展进行定量综合评价。结果表明:①人口子系统已逐步成为阻碍都市农业可持续发展的主要因素之一,经济子系统逐渐成为都市农业可持续发展的主要贡献因子,社会子系统对都市农业可持续发展的促进作用越来越大,农地资源短缺且持续减少,制约着都市农业可持续发展能力的提高,农业生产自身污染负荷较重,影响着都市农业可持续发展能力的全面提升;②都市农业可持续发展的R-D综合指数不高,下降趋势明显,都市农业可持续发展的资源压力较大且持续增加,E-D综合指数较低,变化幅度不大,都市农业可持续发展的环境压力大但趋向稳定;③可持续发展综合评价指数经过前期波浪式增减后持续稳步攀升,都市农业可持续发展能力增强态势明显。     

Methane and CO2 fluxes from an Indonesian peatland used for sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) cultivation: Effects of fertilizer and groundwater level management

Tropical peatland is a vast potential land source for biological production, but peatland is a major natural source of greenhouse gases, especially methane (CH₄). It is important to evaluate the changes in greenhouse gas emissions induced by cultivation practices for sustainable agricultural use of tropical peatland. We investigated the effects of fertilizer application and the groundwater level on CH₄ and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in an Indonesian peat soil. The crop cultivated was sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.), which can grow on tropical peat soil without drainage and yield great amounts of starch. CH₄ emission through sago palm plants was first estimated by collecting gas samples immediately after cutting sago suckers using the closed chamber method. The CH₄ fluxes ranged from negative values to 1.0 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹. The mean CH₄ flux from treatment with macroelements (N, P, and K) and microelements (B, Cu, Fe, and Zn) applied at normal rates did not differ significantly from that of the No fertilizer treatment, although increasing the application rates of macroelements or microelements by 10-fold increased the CH₄ flux by a factor of two or three. The relationship between CH₄ flux and the groundwater table was regressed to a logarithmic equation, which indicated that to maintain a small CH₄ flux, the groundwater table should be maintained at <−45 cm. The CO₂ fluxes ranged between 24 and 150 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹, and were not significantly affected by either fertilizer treatments or the groundwater level. The inclusion of sago palm suckers in a chamber increased CH₄ emission from the peat soil significantly. Thus, gas emissions mediated by certain kinds of palm plants should not be disregarded.     

坚持生态农业方向，是山区经济持续发展的动力——南涧县变迁的启示

介绍了大理州南涧县早期生态农业试点成果和近年来的发展状况,认为南涧县长年坚持生态农业建设,依托“高山、净土、生态”优势,走出了一条区域化布局,规模化发展,标准化生产,一体化经营,品牌化导向的发展模式。     

农业环境污染认知情况及其影响因素的实证分析研究

现代石油农业在取得巨大经济社会效益的同时,生产中化肥、农药的过度使用也引发了严重的环境问题.以中国综合社会调查(CGSS2010)的数据为基础,运用多元线性回归模型分析环境污染认识情况及其影响因素.结果表明,居民对农业环境污染认知处于高认可水平;个体的户口、年龄,社会经济地位的个人年收入和受教育年限,环境感知的环境问题严重程度、环境问题关注程度显著影响居民农业环境污染认知.提出通过引导居民形成高度的环境保护意识来改善农业生产环境,确保食品安全.     

Agricultural BMP Effectiveness and Dominant Hydrological Flow Paths: Concepts and a Review

We present a conceptual framework that relates agricultural best management practice (BMP) effectiveness with dominant hydrological flow paths to improve nonpoint source (NPS) pollution management. We use the framework to analyze plot, field and watershed scale published studies on BMP effectiveness to develop transferable recommendations for BMP selection and placement at the watershed scale. The framework is based on the location of the restrictive layer in the soil profile and distinguishes three hydrologic land types. Hydrologic land type A has the restrictive layer at the surface and BMPs that increase infiltration are effective. In land type B1, the surface soil has an infiltration rate greater than the prevailing precipitation intensity, but there is a shallow restrictive layer causing lateral flow and saturation excess overland flow. Few structural practices are effective for these land types, but pollutant source management plans can significantly reduce pollutant loading. Hydrologic land type B2 has deep, well‐draining soils without restrictive layers that transport pollutants to groundwater via percolation. Practices that increased pollutant residence time in the mixing layer or increased plant water uptake were found as the most effective BMPs in B2 land types. Matching BMPs to the appropriate land type allows for better targeting of hydrologically sensitive areas within a watershed, and potentially more significant reductions of NPS pollutant loading.     

新型反硝化固体碳源释碳性能研究

碳源在生物硝酸盐去除过程中起着重要的提供电子供体的作用,因此是生物反硝化的核心物质之一.选出玉米芯、稻壳、稻草、木屑4种农业废弃物做为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体,研究了4种碳源物质的释碳规律及外界因子对其释碳能力的影响.结果表明,4种碳源材料的释碳过程均满足二级动力学方程;比较而言,稻草的有机物释放量最大,释放速率也最快,...     

Alternative cropping systems for sustainable water and nitrogen use in the North China Plain

Serious water deficits and excessive nitrogen (N) applications are threatening the sustainability of intensive agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). This study examined the possibility of replacing the conventional system (Con.W/M) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.), with an optimized double cropping system (Opt.W/M), a 2-year system (winter wheat/summer maize-spring maize, W/M-M), and a monoculture system (spring maize, M) based on optimal water and N management strategies. From 2004 to 2010, a long-term field experiment conducted in the NCP showed that although >70 mm of irrigation water can be saved with Opt.W/M compared with Con.W/M, annual net groundwater use under Opt.W/M was still 250 mm, 65-90% of which was consumed during the winter wheat season. When wheat production was decreased, 35% and 61% of irrigation water could be reduced in W/M-M and M compared to Con.W/M, respectively. As a result, annual groundwater use was decreased to 190 mm in W/M-M and 94 mm in M. Meanwhile, the N fertilizer rate was reduced 59% and 72% in W/M-M and M compared to Con.W/M, respectively. There were no significant differences in net economic returns between Con.W/M and W/M-M across the 6-year period. In the 6 years, no significant economic loss was observed between Con.W/M and M except in the 2008-2010 rotation. The W/M-M and M systems showed great potential to reduce water and N application and achieve groundwater use balance, and thus should be considered for economic and sustainable agricultural development in the NCP.     

基于MODIS的湖南省农业干旱监测模型

诸多遥感干旱监测指数已被成功应用于中国北方地区,但在南方湿润地区的应用则相对较少。以湖南省为研究区,结合遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)技术,利用MODIS增强植被状态指数(EVCI)和温度状态指数(TCI)的复合信息,并根据EVCI和TCI对干旱信息的敏感程度不同,赋予不同的权重值,建立干旱状态指数(DCI)遥感监测模型,并将该模型应用于湖南省农作物的旱情监测,得到了湖南省耕地旱情等级的空间分布图。通过与该省97个气象台站同期获取的综合气象干旱指数(CI)的相关分析与验证,表明DCI与CI指数的线性相关显著,EVCI和TCI的权重分别取值0.4和0.6时为最佳组合,并论证了该模型适宜南方地区的干旱监测。     

论生态农业试点县建设中的若干关系

经过二年多的努力，全国生态农业试点县建设已取得了巨大成绩，但在发展过程中尚有一些问题需妥善解决，一些关系需要正确处理。本文结合中南片生态农业试点县建设的实际，对建设过程中应注意的几个关系和问题进行了论述