湘鄂渝黔桂边区休闲旅游产品的开发

以湘鄂渝黔桂边区为例,分析了我国中西部民族地区发展休闲旅游的优势条件后,探讨了该区休闲旅游产品开发现状及其存在的问题,提出了该区开发休闲旅游产品的战略、精品开发的思路以及具体线路设计的思路,以实现边区旅游业的可持续发展。     

日本应对面源污染的法律措施

自1992年农林水产省首次提出“环境保全型农业”的概念以来,日本政府逐渐重视以农业污染为主的面源污染。此后,政府根据面源污染在各个时期的变化情况,把农业生产污染、禽畜养殖业污染、固体废物污染、高速公路和城市生活污染等方面的各种政策、目标和经济措施予以法制化,陆续出台了一系列有利于防治面源污染的法律、法规。这些法规虽然不是防治面源污染的单行性法规,但其内容具有配套性、系统性、可操作性的特点,惩戒措施也具有针对性和层次性的特点,而且经济措施与法律责任并举,客观上对防治面源污染起到了重要作用。借鉴日本的立法经验,我国防治面源污染立法应该进一步完善法律法规,明确管理部门的职责,强化法律责任,通过多种手段引导公民自觉防治面源污染.     

Efficiency and Economy of a New Agricultural Rainwater Harvesting System

Shortage of water is the key limiting factor for agricul-tural development of Beijing. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) could provide an alternative water source for greenhouse agriculture, but local natural and socioeconomic conditions challenge the applica-tion of the technology. This article analyses the advantages and disadvantages of different types of greenhouse RWH in Beijing,and describes a new greenhouse RWH system demonstrated in 2008 in Huairou, a suburb district of Beijing. It analyses the ef-ficiency, cost-benefit ratios and limiting factors of the new system.The results show that with the new system, RWH efficiency can be as high as 66% (of total rainfall) and the rainwater usage rate can reach 69% of total water usage. The ratio of benefit to cost of government investment can be 1.84, and the ratio of benefit to cost of a farmer's investment could be 1.68 provided the project is designed to save water and also increase income. However, the price of groundwater for agriculture directly influences the potential for applying and scaling up the project. If the RWH system does not increase the farmers' incomes at the current water price, they will not use it until the water price rises to a critical point, which is de-termined by external factors. This article also suggests a number of measures to increase the efficiency of the system in order to apply it on a large scale.     

Pollinators,pests, and predators: Recognizing ecological trade-offs in agroecosystems

Ecological interactions between crops and wild animals frequently result in increases or declines in crop yield. Yet, positive and negative interactions have mostly been treated independently, owing partly to disciplinary silos in ecological and agricultural sciences. We advocate a new integrated research paradigm that explicitly recognizes cost-benefit trade-offs among animal activities and acknowledges that these activities occur within social-ecological contexts. Support for this paradigm is presented in an evidence-based conceptual model structured around five evidence statements highlighting emerging trends applicable to sustainable agriculture. The full range of benefits and costs associated with animal activities in agroecosystems cannot be quantified by focusing on single species groups, crops, or systems. Management of productive agroecosystems should sustain cycles of ecological interactions between crops and wild animals, not isolate these cycles from the system. Advancing this paradigm will therefore require integrated studies that determine net returns of animal activity in agroecosystems.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0696-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国东部地区农业环境-经济系统耦合度研究

东部地区农业污染已成为我国最为严重的环境问题之一,该研究对于推进与环境相协调的区域可持续发展实践、"建设美丽乡村"具有战略指导意义。首先建构了农业环境-经济系统耦合模型及耦合度评价类型;然后基于环境压力水平、强度等方面农业污染风险评价指标,以及农业经济水平、强度等方面农业经济系统评价指标,运用因子分析法实证研究东部地区农业环境-经济系统耦合及其空间格局。东部地区农业环境-经济耦合空间发展不平衡,大致可划分为5大类型区,农业污染风险高且环境-经济耦合度较差的地区主要在冀北、冀南地区,鲁西北、鲁南地区,苏北地区、闽南地区及粤西地区等,这可为具有地域特色的农业环境-经济协调发展提供决策依据。     

稻田种养结合循环农业模式生态环境效应实证分析——以南方稻区稻-鱼模式为例

稻田种养结合循环农业模式生态环境效应明显,其主要体现在节肥、节药、抑草、改善土壤和水体等方面上。本文根据对南方稻区的入户调查数据和2001-2009年中国统计年鉴、中国农村统计年鉴、中国农业统计年鉴相关统计数据及化肥农药使用量的技术标准,实证分析了稻田种养结合循环农业模式的节肥、节药的生态环境效应。调查分析显示,稻-鱼模式下农户化肥使用量比常规水稻种植模式的使用量要减少15.21%,农药使用量要减少40.17%;相关性分析表明南方稻区稻-鱼种养结合模式的稻田面积占水稻生产总面积的百分比与化肥、农药使用量之间呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.407 2和-0.979 9。可以看出,在稻-鱼的稻田生态系统中,土壤和水体的改善以及有害生物的减少,形成了鱼类对化肥和农药的替代关系,在稻谷产量不变甚至增产以及增加鱼类产出的情况下,农户大幅度减少了化肥和农药的使用量,因此实施扶持稻田种养结合循环农业模式策略,是改善稻区农业生态环境的重要途径。     

风险评估在气候变化对农业影响评价中的应用——研究进展

基于风险理论,探讨了气候变化风险的内涵,介绍了可用于气候变化影响评价的风险评估概念框架,并着重总结了风险评估在气候变化对农业影响评价中的应用。随着目前概率型气候情景的广泛应用及利益相关者与公众对影响评估中的不确定性认识的需求,风险评估将在气候变化影响评价中得到更为广泛的应用,气候变化对农业的影响也有望基于风险形式实现终端至终端的评估。同时,当前气候变化农业影响的风险评估研究仍有许多不足之处,真正实现综合全面的评估尚有诸多问题需要解决。     

农村面源污染现状分析与防治对策——以四川省南充市为例

通过走访、问卷调查及查阅文献等形式对四川省南充市农村面源污染现状进行调研,为加强农村环境质量监督监测及污染防治提供依据。结果表明:过量施用化肥和农药,畜禽废弃物、生活废水和垃圾、污水灌溉等是农村面源污染日趋严重的主要原因。为此,本文针对性地提出了推广循环农业和先进适用技术,加强基础设施建设及完善法规体制等对策。     

后重建时代汶川大地震极重灾区发展重建策略探析

＂汶川大地震＂震后灾区恢复重建工作已经全面完成,公共基础设施建设得到极大发展,为灾区经济腾飞奠定了坚实的基础。＂十二五＂期间,灾区进入了发展重建阶段,灾区经济面临着从恢复向发展的转变、从投资拉动向市场机制回归的转变。但是,灾区物质建设的高起点对当地经济发展提出了更高的要求,要克服未来经济发展面临的种种困难,必须理顺工作思路,按照减少贫困,提高经济水平,增强自我发展能力的长期目标,积极进行产业结构调整和优化,大力发展现代山区农业和旅游产业,形成以农业发展为基础,旅游产业为核心,带动实现工业结构多元化,将灾区建成社会、资源、环境与产业经济协调发展的循环经济示范区。     

Factors influencing local ecological knowledge maintenance in Mediterranean watersheds: Insights for environmental policies

Local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been found to be one of the main bridges to manage biocultural diversity. We analyzed the factors affecting LEK maintenance and transmission in a Mediterranean watershed. We used a mixed methods approach to evaluate the agricultural LEK in three different dimensions: biological, soil and water management, and forecasting. We found that the main factors for its maintenance were the respondent''s time living in the area and the social relationships established among farmers, which involved partner collaboration and farmer information exchanges. Protected areas also played a key role for maintaining the LEK associated with soil and water management. Finally, we found that outmigration and mechanization were the most important indirect drivers of change underlying LEK erosion. We suggest that environmental policies should focus on promoting this experiential knowledge, considering both intergenerational renewal and the gendered aspects of this knowledge.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0556-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.