黑龙江省勃利县生态环境问题及其保护对策

经过对勃利县的自然生态和地理环境的调查,收集了大量的资料,并根据生态环境的问题,提出了相应的保护对策措施,例如实施天然林保护工程、建立自然保护区、发展生态农业和绿色食品。     

资源循环型农业理论的探索与实践

资源循环型农业是在循环经济理论和可持续发展思想指导下形成的一种新型农业发展模式.以青岛为例,用理论和实践相结合的方式,论证了资源循环型农业对推进我国农业现代化进程,实现农业可持续发展具有非常重要的意义,是一种值得推广的农业模式.     

HYDROLOGICAL MODELING OF THE IROQUOIS RIVER WATERSHED USING HSPF AND SWAT1

ABSTRACT: The performance of two popular watershed scale simulation models — HSPF and SWAT — were evaluated for simulating the hydrology of the 5,568 km² Iroquois River watershed in Illinois and Indiana. This large, tile drained agricultural watershed provides distinctly different conditions for model comparison in contrast to previous studies. Both models were calibrated for a nine‐year period (1987 through 1995) and verified using an independent 15‐year period (1972 through 1986) by comparing simulated and observed daily, monthly, and annual streamflow. The characteristics of simulated flows from both models are mostly similar to each other and to observed flows, particularly for the calibration results. SWAT predicts flows slightly better than HSPF for the verification period, with the primary advantage being better simulation of low flows. A noticeable difference in the models' hydrologic simulation relates to the estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET). Comparatively low PET values provided as input to HSPF from the BASINS 3.0 database may be a factor in HSPF's overestimation of low flows. Another factor affecting baseflow simulation is the presence of tile drains in the watershed. HSPF parameters can be adjusted to indirectly account for the faster subsurface flow associated with tile drains, but there is no specific tile drainage component in HSPF as there is in SWAT. Continued comparative studies such as this, under a variety of hydrologic conditions and watershed scales, provide needed guidance to potential users in model selection and application.     

论四川发展生态农业和保护农业生态环境的对策

四川是中国生态环境保护和建设的重点地区。在20世纪80年代初期，科学家提出四川要发展生态农业，生态农业才是农业发展的方向。原始森林减少，生态功能削弱，土地荒漠化和水土流失面积大，不合理的资源开发和建设加速水土流失，城市生活坟圾和工业废弃物、酸雨、农药、化肥过量使用、农用薄膜的残留、畜禽粪尿污染是四川农业生态环境存在的主要问题。改善四川农业生态环境的对策是大力保护天然林，退耕还林还草；加强农业生态环境保护和治理，强化生态农业工程建设；启动农业清洁生产工程；重视生态农业技术创新。大力发展生态农业科技产业，以构筑生态安全体系为根基，以公司加农户的产业运管模式，以信息技术的有机整合，有力推进生态农业的科技产业模式。     

怀化农业可持续发展面临的问题

农业可持续发展在很大程度上依赖于农业自然资源的可持续利用。利用系统分析法讨论了怀化实施农业可持续发展战略面临的一系列问题，包括观念落后、自然资源利用率低、浪费严重、农业生态环境恶化和自然灾害频繁等，提出了可行的对策，指出农业可持续发展应从自然、经济和社会再生产过程中消除影响农业可持续发展的不利因素，积极发展中国的生态农业。     

关于进一步推进河北省无公害食品产业发展的对策思考

实现农产品的无公害化是农业可持续发展的必然选择,也是农产品获得市场优势的重要举措。近年来河北省无公害食品产业得到了长足的发展,但是,无公害产品的品种、数量、面积所占比例甚少,有些地方农产品的农药、化肥等有害物质的污染现象还十分严重。本文论述了进一步推进河北省无公害食品产业发展的对策。     

开发引进高科技产品实现农业可持续发展

介绍了丰泽公司在环保和绿色食品领域新开发引进的几种高科技产品，它们对控制农药、化肥等污染，保障食品安全、保护生态环境有积极作用。     

Critical Impact Assessment of Organic Agriculture

Based on its productionguideline, organic agriculture has set foritself the goals of minimizing all forms ofpollution and maintaining sustainability of thefarming system. By striving for these goals,organic farming meets the demands of anincreasing number of consumers who are criticalof conventional production methods. This papergives an overview of the present state of theart in the different issues. Possibilities ofand limitations in performing the self-aimedgoals under the basic standards of organicagriculture are discussed. Concerningenvironmental protection, in general, the riskof adverse environmental effects is lower withorganic than with conventional farming methods,though not necessarily so; with reference tosoil fertility and nutrient management, organicfarming is suited to improve soil fertility andnutrient management markedly on the farm level;regarding biodiversity, comparison studies showthat organic farming has more positive effectson biodiversity conservation; in relation toproduct quality, under the basic standards oforganic farming, there is no sufficientevidence for a system-related effect on productquality due to the production method.     

ENERGY AND WATER CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Growers in California used several energy and water conservation strategies in response to the drought conditions of 1976 and 1977. The strategies included an increased use of ground water, in creased irrigation efficiencies, and shifts in cropping patterns. Drought-related losses to irrigated agriculture were minimized as a result of these modifications. Some future problems may have been created, however, by obtaining the needed water supplies for 1976–77. These problems include the effects of extensive water pumping on ground water reservoirs and ground subsidence. In addition, reduced water application by less frequent irrigation and changes in irrigation methods may affect the total salt balance for future years. Several conservation strategies that have some potential application in California were identified as: maintaining and augmenting surface water supply, increasing power use efficiencies, and improving irrigation efficiencies. Electricity savings associated with water conservation have been estimated as high as 25 percent. Specific near term actions suggested for facilitating conservation included: an expanded irrigation management system, efficient water deliveries, and a continued effort on the part of the individual growers to use resources during periods of normal rainfall as they were used under drought conditions.     

山东省农业可持续发展战略研究

本文探讨了农业可持续发展的概念、内涵与特征,针对山东省的实际情况,分析了山东省农业可持续发展面临的问题,提出了山东省实施农业可持续发展的战略对策。