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201.
Methodological aspects of life cycle assessment of integrated solid waste management systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) developed rapidly during the 1990s and has reached a certain level of harmonisation and standardisation. LCA has mainly been developed for analysing material products, but can also be applied to services, e.g. treatment of a particular amount of solid waste. This paper discusses some methodological issues which come into focus when LCAs are applied to solid waste management systems. The following five issues are discussed. (1) Upstream and downstream system boundaries: where is the ‘cradle’ and where is the ‘grave’ in the analysed system? (2) Open-loop recycling allocation: besides taking care of a certain amount of solid waste, many treatment processes also provide additional functions, e.g. energy or materials which are recycled into other products. Two important questions which arise are if an allocation between the different functions should be made (and if so how), or if system boundaries should be expanded to include several functions. (3) Multi-input allocation: in waste treatment processes, different materials and products are usually mixed. In many applications there is a need to allocate environmental interventions from the treatment processes to the different input materials. The question is how this should be done. (4) Time: emissions from landfills will continue for a long time. An important issue to resolve is the length of time emissions from the landfill should be considered. (5) Life cycle impact assessment: are there any aspects of solid waste systems (e.g. the time horizon) that may require specific attention for the impact assessment element of an LCA? Although the discussion centres around LCA it is expected that many of these issues are also relevant for other types of systems analyses. 相似文献
202.
水稻土中胱氨酸分解产生含硫气体的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
测定在室内培养情况下南京水稻土中挥发性含硫气体的释放.结果表明,该土壤中产生H2S、羰基硫(COS)和二甲基硫(MDS)气体.当土壤中加入胱氨酸后,检测到甲硫醇(CH3SH)、二硫化碳(CS2)、COS、H2S和DMS气体.除DMS之外,这些气体的释放量随胱氨酸添加量增加而增加.据此推测,水稻土中胱氨酸的分解可能是CH3SH、CS2、COS、H2S等4种气体产生释放的来源之一.在厌氧条件(充氮淹水)下检测到的含硫气体低于好氧条件(普通大气淹水).光照、pH值、土壤含水量等对含硫气体的释放量均有影响 相似文献
203.
204.
北京市大气细颗粒物对Balb/c 3T3细胞周期的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了北京市大气细颗粒物有机提取物 (EOC)对Balb c 3T3细胞周期及调节因子的影响 .实验发现 116 μg mL细颗粒物EOC即有明显的细胞毒性 ,抑制细胞生长 ,并存在剂量 反应关系 ,IC50 为 4 0 2 2 μg mL ;流式细胞仪分析显示 136 6 μg mLPM2 5EOC可造成细胞周期改变 ,G0 G1期、G2 M期细胞分布增加 ,分别为 16 2 4 % (P <0 0 1)与 3 17% (P <0 0 5 ) ,S期细胞分布减少 2 0 4 % (P <0 0 1) ,并伴有P5 3含量的增加 ;4 0 9 8、4 78 1μg mL的PM2 5EOC可诱导Balb c3T3细胞凋亡 .提示PM2 5有机提取物可能通过P5 3途径引起Balb c 3T3细胞周期阻滞 ,并诱导细胞凋亡 . 相似文献
205.
公交车队电动化是道路交通部门实现减污降碳的重要手段,评估当前公交车队电动化减排成效,对推进大中型城市公交全面电动化具有重要参考意义.基于燃料生命周期法分析了郑州市公交车队电动化前后CO2和污染物排放特征,并评估了不同电动化情景下的车队排放.结果表明,本轮电动化使公交车队燃料生命周期内CO2和PM2.5排放量分别增长32.6%和42.6%,CO、NOx和VOC排放量下降了28%,34%和25%.优化发电结构对于电动化过程中的CO2及PM2.5减排尤为重要,在全面电动化和发电结构优化的最佳情景下,CO2、CO、NOx、VOC和PM2.5减排可达38.7%、80.1%、84.4%、92.2%、30.2%.在全面电动化进程中,应优先对中长里程线路车辆进行电动化替换,此外,插电混动天然气车型的纯电动化替换对减排利弊兼有,同步推进车队替换和电力结构调整进程才能实现减污降碳协同增效. 相似文献
206.
Peatland is an efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) sink on the continent and plays an important role in global carbon cycle. Climate change and human activities, two of the notable global environmental issues, have accelerated the degradation of peatlands during recent years. Global warming will increase the rate of aerobic decomposition in the surface of peatlands. Carbon stored in the subsurface of peatlands will be metabolized if the climatic conditions become favorable for decomposition. This study reviewed the carbon circle of subsurface peatland in natural environment and in environments disturbed by human activity or climate change. Furthermore, the major factors (environmental and human factors) that affect the carbon cycle were also discussed. According to a previous study, subsurface peatland will rapidly participate in the carbon cycle when the peatland is degraded. Water level, vegetation, and temperature were the main natural factors affecting the carbon cycle, whereas drainage, farming, and grazing were the main anthropogenic factors. Further studies should focus on different soil layer carbon dynamics, inorganic carbon content, and conservation and restoration of peatlands. The study methods should be a combination of macro with micro scale and focus on developing deep peat research techniques. Most of the previous studies focused on greenhouse gas emission and their response factors in short-term experiments. Thus, the mechanism and process of subsurface carbon are not clear and needs further study. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved. 相似文献
207.
Gholamreza Asadollahfardi Azadeh Panahandeh Ebrahim Inanlo Moghadam Shima Masoumi Mojtaba Tayebi Jebeli 《环境质量管理》2023,32(3):97-110
With the onset of social life, humans have considered waste disposal as essential, and they have been able to repel it through brick and clay channels. Checking sewage pipes for energy consumption and a longer lifetime than other sewage system components is important. Climate change and exploitation of industrial resources have made environmental impacts, which are important factors in decision making. The purpose of this study was to introduce the most suitable type of sewage pipe considering environmental protection. Therefore, we applied the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) method, using Sima Pro 8.2.3 software for the one-kilometer length of concrete pipes (300 mm in diameter), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene (PE) (315 mm in diameter). Also, the BEES method and sensitivity analysis were used to validate the results. The comparison between three types of municipal wastewater pipes indicated that PE pipes are a more environmentally friendly option than PVC, and concrete pipes in pipe recycling, reducing extraction from untapped resources, and inefficient extraction of resources. Electricity, diesel fuel, and sulfate resistance cement consumption for concrete production are the most pollution elements in the LCA of concrete pipes. Usage of PVC granular, sanitary landfill of PVC pipes, and using hydraulic drill in LCA of PVC pipes are the most elements of generating pollution. The usage of PE granules, PE pipes landfilling, hydraulic excavator, and electricity consumption in the LCA of the PE pipes are the greatest polluting parameters. 相似文献
208.
本文研究了我国铜产业采选、冶炼、加工和再生等环节的演化趋势,构建了铜产业直接碳排放-能源间接排放-其他间接排放相结合的多层级碳排放核算模型,分析了我国铜产业各环节碳排放演变规律及碳中和实现机制。结果表明:①1980-2020年我国铜精矿、精炼铜、铜加工材、再生铜产品分别增长了6.6倍、 25.1倍、 88.5倍、 37.1倍,受碳中和目标实现对电力需求量增加的影响,预计2060年铜资源消费总量将较2020年提升62.3%,铜资源社会存量将达到3.9亿t,再生铜将于2030年超过原生铜成为主导资源类型。②2020年铜产业的碳排放总量达到2968.2万tCO2e,其中,采选环节的吨铜碳排放量最高,达到了3.4tCO2e,是第二位冶炼的2.3倍;冶炼环节的碳排放总量最大,达到铜产业的39.3%;再生环节的降碳效果突出,相较原生采选冶炼环节减少1251.2万tCO2e;进出口贸易则进一步降低了该产业43.7%的碳排放总量。③预计2060年铜产业碳排放总量将达到1499.8万tCO2e,通过促进国际贸易、循环经济、技术创新及环境市场建设等举措,可大幅降低产业的碳排放总量,其中国际贸易及循环经济情景的碳减排效果在2030年前均较显著、随后逐渐下降,技术创新及环境市场建设是该产业碳中和目标实现的根本,在2060年的减排潜力分别达到535.9万t及607.9万t。为了更好地促进该产业可持续发展及“双碳”目标实现,建议依托国内国际双循环格局合理调控铜产业结构,秉持全生命周期理念加快构建铜产业绿色供应链,紧随碳中和发展趋势促进资源循环减污降碳协同增效。 相似文献
209.
为探究冻融循环影响下不同岩性岩石的物理力学性质的差异化响应,对青砂岩、灰砂岩2种砂岩,白色大理岩、麻粒岩2种变质岩开展冻融循环试验和相关力学试验。研究结果表明:在冻融循环过程中,2种砂岩的质量变化幅度明显高于2种变质岩。相较于青砂岩与麻粒岩,大理岩的单轴压缩强度及弹性模量劣化速率最快。冻融前后青砂岩、大理岩的单轴压缩破坏模式发生明显变化。灰砂岩抗拉强度劣化速率显著低于青砂岩。基于单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度的脆性指数表明冻融作用提高青砂岩的脆性。研究结果可为冻融影响下工程岩体的稳定性与安全性评价提供参考。 相似文献
210.