基于生命周期评价方法的肉鸡屠宰场碳足迹分析

当今世界畜牧业发展迅速,环境问题亦不可小视,由CO_2、CH_4和N_2O等温室气体导致的全球变暖是热门话题。基于PA-LCA方法追踪某肉鸡屠宰场的碳足迹,找出热点问题,再以敏感性分析探究全生命周期总碳足迹的最敏感输入变量,并提出碳减排建议,最后将运营期碳足迹与其他国家进行比较,为屠宰行业清洁生产和节能减排提供依据。结果表明:在建设期,商品混凝土、预拌砂浆和钢材的生产过程碳足迹分别占建设期总量的30.94%、24.77%和20.04%;在运营期,电力生产过程的碳足迹占运营期总量的93.06%,从企业各部门角度分析,屠宰间和冷库的运营产生48.45%的碳足迹;在报废期,拆除建筑所耗能源的生产过程碳足迹占报废期总量的87.13%。通过敏感性分析,工厂运营1年的电耗对屠宰场全生命周期碳足迹总量的影响不及建设期商品混凝土生产过程对其的影响,但运营10年后,运营期电耗减小可显著降低屠宰场全生命周期碳足迹。我国屠宰场运营期碳足迹同其他国家相比较低,这与我国屠宰自动化程度低有关。所以如何平衡屠宰效率和环境影响是亟待解决的问题。     

基于GREET的纯电动公交车与传统公交车全生命周期评估

随着纯电动公交车在城市公共交通中应用越来越广泛,需要对纯电动公交车和传统柴油公交车进行全生命周期评估,并分析推广纯电动公交的可行性.通过美国阿贡实验室开发的GREET（greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation model）软件,充分考虑油井-油泵、公交车运行、车身系统制造、液体系统制造、ADR（装配、报废和回收质量）以及电池制造等6个阶段能耗,结合公交车车型信息和路况信息,构建公交模型,并对公交模型进行能耗模拟、排放物模拟和经济效益评估.结果表明,若车身长度为12 m,车身质量为18 t时,纯电动公交车运行过程能耗仅占其总能耗的31.1%.相较于传统公交车,纯电动公交车全生命周期能耗减少29.1%,全生命周期内VOC、CO、NO_x等污染物排放量分别减少8.7%、36.7%、50.2%,温室气体CO₂的排放量减少19.7%.若公交车队规模为20辆,纯电动公交车使用年限为8 a,则纯电动公交车比例需超过12.7%才能实现盈利,单辆纯电动公交车若实现盈利至少需要3 a.      

盐雾环境对军用飞机高强螺栓疲劳极限的影响

目的研究军用飞机高强螺栓在模拟海洋大气环境下的疲劳极限变化。方法采用中性盐雾试验对30CrMnSiA高强螺栓进行预腐蚀试验,试验持续时间为360 h,而后再进行96 hCASS试验。腐蚀后对样品进行疲劳试验,并与未腐蚀的样品进行S-N曲线对比分析,并分析其疲劳断口形貌变化。结果在进行盐雾试验后螺栓发生腐蚀,疲劳极限降低28.4%。结论军用飞机用高强螺栓在模拟海洋大气环境下易发生腐蚀,疲劳极限出现明显降低现象,其主要原因为疲劳试验有效面积减少。     

中国南方喀斯特地区碳循环研究进展

中国南方喀斯特地区碳循环路径与过程基本清晰,与其他陆地生态系统明显不同,呈现出鲜明的区域特色:雨热同季、地质构造背景与碳酸盐岩可溶性的耦合,导致碳酸盐岩中大量封存的碳重新进入生态系统碳的循环;二元三维结构中地下空间CO_2具体动态变化性,可视为次级碳库,影响生态系统碳的循环过程;陆生植物、水生植物均有利用HCO_3~-碳源进行光合作用的新途径;发现了碳酸盐岩快速的风化作用与水生植物生物碳泵的耦合机制,喀斯特作用碳汇效应得以确证。但是,中国南方喀斯特地区碳循环的研究还存在明显不足:喀斯特作用碳汇量的估算受到气候变化、土地利用变化的正负机制、外源酸等多因素的挑战,还具有很大的不确定性;植被、土壤与岩石、地下空间次级碳库、大气、大气降水存在复杂的多界面作用过程,碳的通量及迁移转化机制仍不明确。未来研究应重视:针对喀斯特地区特点的新研究方法、技术的研发;喀斯特关键带理念的统领;联网长期观测;模型的集成与创新。     

中国电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池生命周期评价

以近年来中国用量增长最快的电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池为对象,建立了生命周期环境影响评价模型,分析了从原材料生产、电池生产、电池运输、电池使用和废旧铅酸蓄电池及含铅废物回收处理全生命周期的环境影响.研究采用了大量企业调研数据和中国本土LCA数据库,以期反映整个中国铅酸蓄电池产业链的技术工艺和环境管理水平现状.结果表明,原材料生产和电池使用是资源(含能源)消耗的主要阶段,贡献了电池全生命周期绝大部分的环境影响.原材料生产贡献最多的全生命周期环境影响包括非生物资源耗竭(699%)、富营养化(89%)、光化学烟雾(98%)、臭氧层破坏(117%)、人体毒性(159%)和生态毒性(484%).电池使用过程的电耗间接消耗了83%的一次能源,相应地贡献了最多的气候变暖潜值(86%)和酸化潜值(70%).废旧铅酸蓄电池和含铅废物回收再生铅可抵消很大一部分原材料生产造成的环境影响.延长电池寿命,减少电池生产金属用量及提高废旧电池回收处理过程的工艺技术和污染控制水平也是减少铅酸蓄电池生命周期环境影响的关键.     

Environmental impact of two electrical products with reference to the energy-using products directive

High energy consumption is one of the major factors that contributes to global warming. Connected to this, a directive has been approved by the European Union for establishing a legal framework to govern eco-design of energy-using products. This technical note reveals life cycle analysis of two electrical products, which rely on the same rechargeable battery system (i.e. the same energy source) for operations, with respect to the requirements of the aforementioned directive. Results concur with the argument that energy consumption of this sort of product plays a dominant role in terms of a variety of environmental impacts (like emission to air). Based on the results of this study, eco-design alternatives can be derived accordingly so that energy consumption and the existing solution can be benchmarked, as required by the directive.     

生命周期评价在玉米种植及深加工产品中的应用

对LCA在玉米种植环境影响研究中的目标与范围定义、清单分析、环境影响指标与计算方法、结果解释等方面的研究进行了梳理分析，其中大部分文献均对碳足迹进行了计算，CML（Institute of Environmental Sciences of the University of Leiden）、ReCiPe（许多LCA领域研究人员共同开发）和IPCC（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change）方法是应用最多的3种方法，经分析计算得到国外玉米种植单位产量碳足迹均值为0.50kg CO₂-eq/kg，我国的均值为0.58kg CO₂-eq/kg.同时本文也对LCA在玉米深加工产品中的研究进展进行了分析整理，对今后LCA应用于玉米种植及深加工产品中的发展方向进行了展望.     

Understanding and communicating sustainability: global versus regional perspectives

While there is no single definition of sustainability, most would agree that it implies that a system is to be maintained at a certain level, held within certain limits. Sustainability denies run-away growth, but it also precludes any substantial set backs or cuts. This sustainability path is hard to reconcile with the renewal cycle that can be observed in most living systems developing according to their natural intrinsic mechanisms. Besides, since different human dominated systems are in significantly different states and stages of development, sustaining those states assumes maintaining social disparities in perpetuity. This creates a challenge in communicating the ideas of sustainability in different regions. Systems are parts of hierarchies where systems of higher levels are made of subsystems from lower levels. Renewal in components is an important factor of adaptation and evolution. But then sustainability of a system borrows from sustainability of a supra-system and rests upon lack of sustainability in subsystems. Therefore by sustaining certain systems beyond their renewal cycle, we decrease the sustainability of larger, higher level systems. The only way to resolve this contradiction is to agree that the biosphere as a whole with humans as one of its components is the only system which sustainability we are to seek. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

滇池水环境治理的“调水”“活水”工程

3.40MaB P，沿普渡河断裂发育的普渡河和沿小江断裂发育的小江均汇入到昆明盆地，形成滇池，并产生厚达千米的堆积物。早更新世晚期，金沙江贯通，导致普渡河和小江均倒流汇入金沙江，从而滇池处在金沙江、珠江和红河三大水系的风口的位置，滇池的补给系数变小，换水周期增长。近几十年来，污染物的输入和积累，导致滇池水质急剧下降。因此滇池水环境的整治，除了减少污染物的输入外，建议在禄劝县引掌鸠河的水入螳螂川，并流入滇池。滇池的集水面积增加到16 066 km2，滇池的入湖地表径流量就增加到26.64×108 m3，换水周期减少到197.2 d。与此同时使滇池在昆明向北流出，污染物不再扩散到整个湖泊，这样便可较好地解决滇池污染，整治滇池的水环境。     

Use of dimethyl sulfoxide as solubilization agent in the detection of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by radioimmunoassay

Immunoassays are potentially valuable tools for use in screening environmental samples for a broad range of contaminants, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). The performance of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for PCDDs was characterized using 4 solubilization systems: Cutscum, Triton, horse serum, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The DMSO based assay appeared to perform best at low 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels. The effects of assay incubation time and hapten storage conditions on the DMSO based assay were assessed. The separation of bound from unbound radioactivity was accelerated without adversely affecting assay performance. Further assay development through the use of an alternative labelled hapten is considered.