Heavy Metal Load Of Soil, Water And Vegetables In Peri-Urban Delhi

Peri-urban lands are often used for production of vegetables for better market accessibility and higher prices. But most of these lands are contaminated with heavy metals through industrial effluents, sewage and sludge, and vehicular emission. Vegetables grown in such lands, therefore, are likely to be contaminated with heavy metals and unsafe for consumption. Samples of vegetables i.e., spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.); soil and irrigation water were collected from 5 peri-urban sites of New Delhi to monitor their heavy metal loads. While heavy metal load of the soils were below the maximum allowable limit prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO), it was higher in irrigation water and vegetable samples. The spinach and okra samples showed Zn, Pb and Cd levels higher than the WHO limits. The levels of Cu, however, were at their safe limits. Metal contamination was higher in spinach than in okra. Spatial variability of metal contamination was also observed in the study. Bio-availability of metals present in soil showed a positive relationship with their total content and organic matter content of soil but no relationship was observed with soil pH. Washing of vegetables with clean water was a very effective and easy way of decontaminating the metal pollution as it reduced the contamination by 75 to 100%.     

如何降低水中VOC分析的检测限

环境中挥发性有机污染物（ＶＯＣ）的存在很复杂,随着ＶＯＣ治理的进步,环境水中ＶＯＣ浓度有不断降低的趋势,要求ＶＯＣ分析具有更低的检测限。通过对环境水前处理过程采用优化吹扫捕集条件来扩大试样量,选择高灵敏度的检测器以及降低前处理过程的空白值,提纯分析用水;优化ＶＯＣ色谱分离条件,确保色谱峰良好分离来降低试样和空白值的标准偏差的研究,表明可以有效降低水中ＶＯＣ分析方法的检测限。     

氟铃脲在棉花和土壤中的残留与降解行为研究

利用高效液相色谱分析方法,考查氟铃脲在棉叶及土壤上使用后的降解和残留行为,为安全施药提供依据。采用田间试验法研究氟铃脲在棉叶和土壤中的残留消解动态。氟铃脲在棉叶中的消解动态均满足一级降解动力学过程及其降解常数。按照试验要求,氟铃脲在棉籽中的最终残留均未检出,低于日本规定的最大残留限量值（0.05 mg·kg-1）。该分析方法操作简单,精密度、准确度和灵敏度都符合农药残留标准要求,适用于棉花和土壤中的氟铃脲残留测定;建议2%氟铃脲乳油在棉花上防治病害,用药次数1次,使用剂量是22.5～30.0 g·a·i·hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期可定为10 d。     

工业射线探伤的安全防护

首先介绍射线对机体的伤害,再从安全技术层面介绍了控制区划分、屏蔽物透射量的计算射线安全防护的方法,并且从实际应用出发分别举例说明操作人员允许接受的职业辐射剂量的规定和区域控制及屏蔽物投射量在工程的计算应用;从安全管理层面介绍了对工作人员的要求、安全管理制度及宣传和培训的安全管理的射线防护方法.工业射线防护总的原则是防止射线发生有害的非随机效应、限制随机效应的发生率在被认为是可以接受的水平范围之内,从而尽量降低射线造成的危害.     

高频感应焊接场所电磁曝露的研究

分析了MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor)管固态电源高频焊机在工作过程中产生电磁场的机理,通过定性分析和实际测量描述了不同工作条件下的高频时变电场特征,与ICNIRP发布的限定值比较,分析了焊接作业人员的高频电磁曝露问题。通过对高频焊接环境电磁辐射的定量描述和认识,对于规范焊接操作,尽可能降低从业人员电磁曝露的影响具有指导意义。     

流域畜禽养殖排污许可方案设计——以柘溪水库为例

排污许可作为一种有效的环境管理制度,对固定点源特别是流域规模化畜禽养殖场污染物排放具有一定的制约作用。以柘溪水库为例,以流域畜禽养殖总氮排放为研究对象,在小流域尺度上核算水环境容量及畜禽养殖总氮污染物排放负荷,结合不同行业类别污染物排放贡献率,确定流域水环境容量与畜禽总氮排放量之间的响应关系。并根据不同流域规模化畜禽养殖水环境容量,确定污染物排放限值及各流域排污许可设计方案,提出不同水环境容量目标下畜禽养殖污染治理与管控措施。     

Some engineering aspects of homoionized mixed clay minerals

Many studies have been conducted to investigate thephysicochemical behavior of pure clay minerals and predicttheir engineering performance in the field. In this study, thephysicochemical properties of an artificial mixture of differentclay minerals namely, 40-50% montmorillonite, 20-30% illite and 10-15% kaolin were investigated. The mixture was homoionized with sodium, Na⁺; calcium, Ca²⁺; andaluminum, Al³⁺. The engineering properties studied wereconsistency limits, sediment volume, compressibility behavior,and hydraulic conductivity. The results revealed that theliquid, plastic and shrinkage limits of soil increased withincreasing cation valence. The hydraulic conductivity of thesoil also increased with an increase in the valence of thecation at any given void ratio. Aluminum and sodium treatedclays had the highest and the lowest modified compressionindex values, respectively. Furthermore, trivalent cationsaturated clayey soil consolidates three times faster thanthat of monovalent and two times faster than that of divalent.These properties of the soils determined were, in general,similar to those of kaolinite rather than those ofmontmorillonite. The comparison of the results obtained withthe published data in the literature revealed that thephysicochemical behavior of the tested clay soil was, ingeneral, similar to that of kaolinite.     

R290制冷剂惰化燃爆特性实验研究

为了研究R290制冷剂惰化燃爆特性,采用带搅拌功能和氧浓度在线测定的20L球试验装置,对R290制冷剂进行了极限氧浓度测定。实验测定了丙烷在CO2和N2惰化气氛中的爆炸极限及极限空气浓度LAC,确定丙烷的极限氧浓度LOC;采用三元图爆炸区、丙烷-O2二维图爆炸区和ASTM标准分布图分析了混合气体爆炸区边界的燃爆特征,给出了极限氧浓度的确定方法和边界爆炸压力分布规律。实验结果表明:常温常压下R290的爆炸极限为2.1%～9.6%,CO2惰化气氛中的极限氧浓度为13.3%,对应的丙烷浓度为3.3%;N2惰化气氛中的极限氧浓度为10.8%,对应的丙烷浓度为2.7%。通过对比分析不同CO2和N2浓度下的爆炸区分布特征,表明CO2对丙烷的惰化效果要优于N2,以氮气和二氧化氮体积分数比为1∶2测试惰化气氛保护能力,惰化效果介于同浓度单种惰性气体之间。     

某型航空发动机振动环境统计

目的研究某型航空发动机振动应力测量数据PSD在整个频率带宽内不完全服从对数正态分布情况下的振动环境统计方法。方法在对数据进行对数正态分布检验的基础上,采用一种将正态容差限和非参数上限统计方法相结合的方法。结果该方法的振动环境统计结果介于传统单独采用正态容差限或非参数上限之间。结论对比结果表明,该方法用于确定航空发动机的振动环境条件合理可行。