东北典型湖库水体对铜绿微囊藻荧光特性的影响

为考察东北典型湖库水体对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa)生长过程中IDOM(细胞内溶解性有机物)荧光特性的影响,在镜泊湖、兴凯湖、五大连池、松花湖和大伙房水库5个典型湖库,共10个采样点采集水样,用于铜绿微囊藻的培养,利用EEM(三维荧光光谱)技术,结合三维荧光FRI(区域体积积分)开展IDOM荧光特性的聚类分析. 结果表明:铜绿微囊藻中IDOM的主要荧光特征峰为类蛋白荧光峰(峰S和峰T),峰S荧光强度高于峰T;对IDOM的三维荧光光谱分为5个区(Ⅰ～Ⅴ区)进行区域体积积分,荧光响应值比例(P_Ⅰ+Ⅱ,n和P_Ⅳ,n)总体上呈互补趋势;Ф_T,n(总区域体积积分)表现为镜泊湖>五大连池>兴凯湖>松花湖>大伙房水库,第16天镜泊湖的Ф_T,n最大,平均值为9.76×10-5 AU·nm2/(mg/L);大伙房水库的Ф_T,n最小,平均值为3.72×10-5 AU·nm2/(mg/L). 聚类分析将10个采样点分成3类. HJ1、HJ2采样点为类别1;HX1、LD1、JS1、LD2采样点为类别2;HX2、JS2、HW2、HW1采样点为类别3,其中,类别1(镜泊湖)水体较类别2和类别3水体更适宜铜绿微囊藻的生长.      

典型城市浅水湖泊沉积物中磷与铁的形态分布及相关关系

应用改进的SEDEX法和BCR法对3个典型城市浅水湖泊(玄武湖、大明湖和莫愁湖)表层沉积物中的磷和铁的形态进行了测定与分析,并探讨了二者之间的相关关系.结果表明,玄武湖、大明湖和莫愁湖沉积物中Al-P含量都较低(<1%),Fe-P质量分数分别为17.10%～27.88%、16.68%～27.06%和0.06%～0.17%,分布顺序与湖泊富营养化程度相符.Ex-P和ACa-P、De-P含量的分布顺序均为大明湖＞莫愁湖＞玄武湖,其中钙磷的质量分数为32.51%～75.39%,是湖泊沉积物磷的主要赋存形态;3个城市湖泊沉积物中的铁元素主要以残渣态(F4)存在,占总量的69.17%～99.88%.其中,玄武湖沉积物中的F1和F2态的含量较高,占总量的6.46%～17.35%,可能与玄武湖频繁的蓝藻暴发有密切关系;TP与铁的F1、F2和F3态相关系数分别达到-0.95、-0.94、-0.81,呈极显著负相关(p＜0.01).Ex-P、Al-P、Or-P与F1、F2态相关显著,与它们性质活泼,易受环境条件影响有关.ACa-P、De-P是生物难利用磷,但二者却与F1、F2和F3态存在显著负相关关系,其反应机制还有待深入研究.     

安徽省湖库型饮用水水源地水质评价研究

随着水资源日益紧缺以及水源污染情况的不断加剧,饮用水水源地的水质问题越来越受到社会的关注。运用单因子标准指数法以及卡尔森指数方法时安徽省境内31个县级以上的湖库型饮用水水泺地的水质状况以及湖泊富营养化程度进行了综合评价,并提出相应的防护措施。评价结果表明,全省湖库型饮用水水源地水质迭标个数为27个,达标率为87％。     

云南九大高原湖泊水体放射性状况调查研究

文章报道了2005年度分平水期和枯水期对云南省九大高原湖泊水体放射性状况进行的调查研究结果。本次行动初步调查清楚了2005年九湖核素浓度(U、Th、~(226)Ra、~(40)K)总α和总β值的区域最大值。调查结果表明,这九大高原湖泊水体的放射性核素浓度基本属正常本底水平,没有受到人工放射性的污染。     

洗涤剂禁(限)磷前后水体磷负荷变化的思考

基于杭州西湖在洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷前后总磷含量的变化 ,分析了水体磷负荷的主要来源 ,以及对在我国实行洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷工作的一些思考。     

Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability as a Boundary-Value Problem

The Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability is traditionally viewed as an initial-value problem, wherein wave perturbations of a two-layer shear flow grow over time into billows and eventually generate vertical mixing. Yet, the instability can also be viewed as a boundary-value problem. In such a framework, there exists an upstream condition where a lighter fluid flows over a denser fluid, wave perturbations grow downstream to eventually overturn some distance away from the point of origin. As the reverse of the traditional problem, this flow is periodic in time and exhibits instability in space. A natural application is the mixing of a warmer river emptying into a colder lake or reservoir, or the salt-wedge estuary. This study of the KH instability from the perspective of a boundary-value problem is divided into two parts. Firstly, the instability theory is conducted with a real frequency and complex horizontal wavenumber, and the main result is that the critical wavelength at the instability threshold is longer in the boundary-value than in the initial-value situation. Secondly, mass, momentum and energy budgets are performed between the upstream, unmixed state on one side, and the downstream, mixed state on the other, to determine under which condition mixing is energetically possible. Cases with a rigid lid and free surface are treated separately. And, although the algebra is somewhat complicated, both end results are identical to the criterion for complete mixing in the initial-value problem.     

Metal speciation in sediments of polluted and non‐polluted lakes

A five‐step extraction procedure for metal speciation studies (copper, lead, nickel, manganese and zinc) was applied to the analysis of lake sediments characterised by different environmental features. A different partition of metals into the several metal forms was observed. Both the metal fraction sorbed or co‐precipitated on hydrous Mn‐oxides (especially lead and zinc) and that bound to organic matter (especially copper) are high in some samples. A prevalently anthropogenic origin of these metals may be hypothesised on the basis of existing knowledge of the equilibrium and change phenomena occurring among water, particulate and sediments. Conversely, the non‐solubilised forms of metals are abundant in the sediments of lakes that are certainly not polluted. The concentration of manganese is very high in the sediments of Antarctic lakes; sequential extractions show its lithogenic origin. In conclusion, a knowledge of the different types of metal associations in sediments and their percentage can facilitate understanding of both natural and anthropogenic metal enrichment of aquatic systems.     

Evidence of hydrocarbon contamination from the Burgan oil field, Kuwait: interpretations from thermal remote sensing data

The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface.     

Evaluation of several priority pollutants in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in the largest Italian subalpine lakes

Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has been used for the biomonitoring of several POPs (PCBs, DDTs, HCB and HCHs) in the largest Italian subalpine great lakes (Lake Maggiore, Garda, Como, Iseo and Lugano). Samplings were carried out in April 2003 at 15 locations selected according to industrial and anthropic levels of lakes. Results have pointed out high DDT levels in D. polymorpha specimens from Lake Maggiore (700-1400 ng/g lipids, 5-9 times higher than those measured in mussels of other Italian lakes), due to a contamination from a chemical plant located on one of the main lake inlet that occurred in 1996. On the contrary, PCB levels (400-2509 ng/g lipids) highlighted an overall pollution, with some sporadic peaks of contamination. Data showed a moderate increase trend compared to those found in a previous monitoring campaign carried out in 1996. Future monitoring is needed in order to confirm this tendency.