Long term changes in the eutrophication process in a shallow Mediterranean lake ecosystem of W. Greece: response after the reduction of external load

Lake Pamvotis is a shallow Mediterranean lake located in Western Greece near the city of Ioannina. The lake has been recognized as an internationally important conservation site under European Community legislation due to its rich biodiversity. However, during the last three decades the trophic status of the lake has changed as a result of anthropogenic activity (among others irrigation and domestic sewage discharge), resulting in serious problems. Here we present data about the long-term development in eutrophication of Lake Pamvotis. Water samples were collected and analyzed (water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll-a) during three monitoring periods: 1985-1989, 1998-1999, 2004-2005. The high nutrient concentrations in the lake water during the three monitoring periods, as well as its eutrophic to hypertrophic status reflect the degree of impact anthropogenic activity has had on the lake. Commencement of a restoration plan in 1995-1996, involving sewage diversion, led to a reduction in external nutrient load and consequently to lower in-lake nutrients and Chlorophyll-a concentrations. Orthophosphate concentration decreased by about 87%, nitrates fell below 1.20mg/l, whilst the total reduction of inorganic N compounds showed a weaker downward trend, fluctuating between 0.39 and 1.24mg N/l with an average value of 0.76mg N/l. However, after a short-term recovery the eutrophic status of the lake remains eight years later (2004-2005), suggesting the importance of the internal loading process and the absence of the top-down effect of fish. This study provides evidence for the need of greater restoration efforts utilized in Mediterranean shallow lakes.     

Characteristics of the Predator–Prey Interactions and the Horizontal Distribution of Macrozoobenthos in Small Lakes of Different Types

The horizontal distribution and quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos were studied in small lakes of the Darwin Nature Reserve (southern Vologda oblast). The aggregation index varied in the open areas of acid lakes, which indicated that communities of small acid water bodies were unstable. The aggregation was the lowest in the open area of a neutral lake. In acid lakes, the number and biomass of macroinvertebrates were the highest near the coasts. In the neutral lake, conversely, these values were maximum in open areas and low near the coast due to a strong pressure of predatory invertebrates and fish. An aggregating effect of invertebrate predators was observed near the coasts of lakes of different types.     

Linking permit markets multilaterally

We formally study the determinants, magnitude and distribution of efficiency gains generated in multilateral linkages between permit markets. We provide two novel decomposition results for these gains, characterize individual preferences over linking groups and show that our results are largely unaltered with strategic domestic emissions cap selection or when banking and borrowing are allowed. Using the Paris Agreement pledges and power sector emissions data of five countries which all use or considered using both emissions trading and linking, we quantify the efficiency gains. We find that the computed gains can be sizable and are split roughly equally between effort and risk sharing.     

THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF A SUBALPINE LAKE1

ABSTRACT Atmospheric scientists have predicted that large-scale climatic changes will result from increasing levels of tropospheric CO₂ We have investigated the potential effects of climate change on the primary productivity of Castle Lake, a mountain lake in Northern California. Annual algal productivity was modeled empirically using 25 years of limnological data in order to establish predictive relationships between productivity and the climatic variables of accumulated snow depth and precipitation. The outputs of monthly temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models (GCMs) of doubled atmospheric CO₂ were then used in the regression model to predict annual algal productivity. In all cases, the GCM scenarios predicted increased algal productivity for Castle Lake under cenditions of doubled atmospheric CO₂The primary cause of enhanced productivity was the increased length of the growing season resulting from earlier spring ice-out.     

洗涤剂禁(限)磷前后水体磷负荷变化的思考

基于杭州西湖在洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷前后总磷含量的变化 ,分析了水体磷负荷的主要来源 ,以及对在我国实行洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷工作的一些思考。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学

在室内模拟条件下,通过沉积物磷释放动力学实验,研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊13个沉积物的磷释放动力学特征,并分析了沉积物组成特征对磷释放动力学的影响,结果表明:(1)指数动力学模型可以很好地拟合长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,前20h为快反应,磷释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大释放量;(2)沉积物磷释放动力学特征与其组成有关,其中与总氮、总磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关,与沙粒含量呈显著负相关,而与粘粒含量没有达到显著水平,与Olsen-P(0.5mol·L-1NaHCO3,pH8.5提取的磷)和易解吸态磷(RDP)含量达极显著正相关水平;(3)可以根据总磷和有效磷含量来比较和预测湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,且根据有效磷含量可以得到比根据总磷含量更可靠的结果。研究成果可为系统揭示浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制提供依据。     

Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability as a Boundary-Value Problem

The Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability is traditionally viewed as an initial-value problem, wherein wave perturbations of a two-layer shear flow grow over time into billows and eventually generate vertical mixing. Yet, the instability can also be viewed as a boundary-value problem. In such a framework, there exists an upstream condition where a lighter fluid flows over a denser fluid, wave perturbations grow downstream to eventually overturn some distance away from the point of origin. As the reverse of the traditional problem, this flow is periodic in time and exhibits instability in space. A natural application is the mixing of a warmer river emptying into a colder lake or reservoir, or the salt-wedge estuary. This study of the KH instability from the perspective of a boundary-value problem is divided into two parts. Firstly, the instability theory is conducted with a real frequency and complex horizontal wavenumber, and the main result is that the critical wavelength at the instability threshold is longer in the boundary-value than in the initial-value situation. Secondly, mass, momentum and energy budgets are performed between the upstream, unmixed state on one side, and the downstream, mixed state on the other, to determine under which condition mixing is energetically possible. Cases with a rigid lid and free surface are treated separately. And, although the algebra is somewhat complicated, both end results are identical to the criterion for complete mixing in the initial-value problem.     

南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布

用1 3C同位素内标法 ,高分辨率气相色谱 高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中 1 7种含 2 3 7 8 氯代二苯并二英 /呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)及 1 2种共平面多氯联苯 (Co PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析 ,并与山东近海 (日照、烟台、青岛 )的测定结果进行比较 .总Co PCBs含量分别为 5 4 4pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和 41 4pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .总PCDD/Fs含量分别为 1 0 6 7pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和1 47 0pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .两湖含 2 3 7 8 PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同 ,即以四—五氯代异构体为主 .PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛 >日照 >南四湖 >烟台 .南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ (PCDD/F TEQ PCB TEQ)的贡献为68 8%— 93 0 % .南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD %∑百分比表明 ,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致 ,相对恒定 .除河口处外 ,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源 .     

新疆平原湖泊(包括人工湖)水质盐化及其防治途径

新疆平原湖泊、平原水库盐化日趋严重。湖泊、水库水质盐化对渔业、灌溉、苇产、饮水和人体健康带来很大影响。引起湖泊、水库水质盐化的原因,主要是人为活动造 水盐与水量平衡关系改变的结果。为防止水质盐化,必须减少农田排水泄入河道和湖泊、增加入湖水量,扭转湖泊水量平衡长期亏损状态。     

氨基酸系列型煤复合粘结剂的研制

一系列以高浓度有机废水为主料，根据高聚物相似互溶、扩散渗透原理，基于高聚物交联(架侨)反应，使原来呈线状结构或轻度支链的天然高分子交联成三维空间网状结构的复合粘结剂。本系列复合粘结剂来源广，价格低，用于粉煤加工成型，基本不受煤种、配煤比、固硫剂的制约。其型煤冷热强度高，防潮抗水性好，脱硫固灰率高，易着火，能燃尽、不结焦，成本低，适用于工业和民用的清洁燃烧，能减轻S02、高浓度有机废水的污染及危害。