A set of associated statistical tests for spatial clustering

The purpose of this paper is to develop a set of associated statistical tests for spatial clustering. In particular, a set of three associated tests will be developed; these will correspond to the three types of tests set out by Besag and Newell (general tests, focused tests, and tests for the detection of clustering). The associated tests draw primarily, though not exclusively, upon existing tests and results. The principal contributions are based upon the score statistic for focused tests, which has been an important approach to testing for clustering around environmental hazards. The first contribution consists of the formulation of a global statistic for general tests that corresponds to focused score statistics, along with an assessment of the distribution of the statistic under the null hypothesis of no raised incidence. The local score statistics used for focused tests will have the property of summing to the global statistic used for the corresponding general test. Attention is also given to the maximum local score statistic for the “test for the detection of clustering”. The critical values of this statistic which are required for testing the null hypothesis are described. Application of the methods is made to leukemia data for central New York State.     

Collaborating to Conserve Large Mammals in Southeast Asia

Abstract:  Depressed mammal densities characterize the interior of many Southeast Asian protected areas, and are the result of commercial and subsistence hunting. Local people are part of this problem but can participate in solutions through improved partnerships that incorporate local knowledge into problem diagnosis. The process of involving local people helps build a constituency that is more aware of its role (positive and negative) in a protected area and generates site-specific conservation assessments for management planning. We illustrate the practical details of initiating such a partnership through our work in a Thai wildlife sanctuary. Many protected areas in Southeast Asia present similar opportunities. In local workshops, village woodsmen were led through ranking exercises to develop a spatially explicit picture of 20-year trends in the abundance of 31 mammal species and to compare species-specific causes for declines. Within five taxonomic groups, leaf monkeys (primates), porcupines (rodents), tigers (large carnivores), civets (small carnivores), and elephants (ungulates) had declined most severely (37–74%). Commercial hunting contributed heavily to extensive population declines for most species, and subsistence hunting was locally significant for some small carnivores, leaf monkeys, and deer. Workshops thus clarified which species were at highest risk of local extinction, where the most threatened populations were, and causes for these patterns. Most important, they advanced a shared problem definition, thereby unlocking opportunities for collaboration. As a result, local people and sanctuary managers have increased communication, initiated joint monitoring and patrolling, and established wildlife recovery zones. Using local knowledge has limitations, but the process of engaging local people promotes collaborative action that large mammals in Southeast Asia need.     

瓜尔豆胶废水预处理的方法研究

根据瓜尔豆胶在生产食品添加剂的过程中产生的废水COD的值高达216000mg/的特点，分别用如下方法进行处理①调pH=6．84，按0．5％质量比加入活性炭吸附荆，静止20天，此时去除率为87．7％；②用饱和硫酸铝2mL＋适量的聚丙烯酰胺絮凝，去除率为36．5％；③原液先蒸馏出1／4体积后在釜液中按3％的质量比加入Ca（OH）2，计算去除率为89．6％④利用铁炭屑以5：1的质量比形成微电池的方法作用两小时后再按3％的质量比加Ca（OH）2絮凝，此条件下去除率高达91．7％。经过比较得出第四种方法是最经济有效的，对该特种废水起到了很好的预处理作用。     

《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》述评

《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》作出了比国家环境法律更为严格的规定，尤以操作性强为特征。开发自然资源者必须缴纳态补偿费，超标准排污费征收额必须高于污染治理费用，扩大限治理措施运用范围且授权环境保护行政主管部门行使这一权力，处罚措施体现预防优先原则，罚款措施运用力度加大，这些鲜明特点体现了深圳市地方环境立法适应实行社会主义市场经济的明显转变。     

The town that food saved? Investigating the promise of a local food economy in Vermont

Proponents of the local food movement point to its environmental, economic, and social benefits, yet there is little research on the extent to which particular local food projects live up to these promises. Vermont leads the country in farm stands, direct-to-consumer sales, and farmers’ markets per capita and the town of Hardwick, Vermont has received substantial media attention for its growing economy based on new food and agriculture businesses, including being the subject of a book entitled The Town that Food Saved. Using interviews with local food participants and analysis of US Census data, the paper assesses the impact of the local food economy in Hardwick using environmental, economic, and social outcomes. The paper also examines how the agricultural renaissance there has been accepted, resisted, and shaped by local actors. Using Census data, the paper finds that between 2000 and 2016, the unemployment rate in Hardwick remained steady, mean incomes increased, and 296 new jobs have been retained. In addition, the percentage of families in Hardwick with income below the poverty level decreased between 2000 and 2016, and the percentage of families accessing supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP) benefits increased. The paper also finds that many participants in the Hardwick food economy have concerns about the accessibility, affordability, and inclusivity of the newer food-based projects there. The paper concludes with a discussion of the ways in which Hardwick fulfils some of the hopes and concerns of the local food movement, and the potential for place-based agricultural development.     

深圳市局地PM2.5污染事件的时空特征及典型背景环流分析

利用深圳及周边地区22个环保监测站的PM_(2.5)小时数据、深圳市152个高密度(2.5 km×2.5 km)自动气象站及3部边界层风廓线仪的探测数据,分析了深圳市局地PM_(2.5)污染事件的时空变化特征及其背景环流特征.结果表明:深圳市西北角和东北角是局地PM_(2.5)污染最频繁的2个区域,局地污染事件发生次数约占总污染事件次数的40%,每日夜间至次日凌晨是局地污染高发期.各个季节局地PM_(2.5)污染发生的大尺度环流形势不同,春季为变性高压脊配合西南低槽发展型,夏季为热带气旋外围环流影响型,秋季为副高控制下的弱高压脊型,冬季主要为冷锋前、弱高压脊或均压场控制型.局地海-陆、丘陵-平原热力差异造成的局地环流易导致地面弱风和局地辐合的出现,成为诱发局地PM_(2.5)污染的直接原因.     

混合多目标遗传算法求解地下水污染修复管理模型

为了提高多目标遗传算法Pareto解的局部最优性,本文将快速非支配遗传算法(NSGAII)与一种迭代式的局部搜索算法(Hill Climber with Step,HCS)相结合,开发了一种新的混合多目标遗传算法NSGAII-HCS.利用CONV1和ZDT6两个经典的多目标优化函数对NSGAII-HCS的性能进行测试,与传统的多目标算法NSGAII相比,CONV1得到的Pareto锋面与真实Pareto最优解锋面的平均距离由5.49减小到1.74,ZDT6则由0.16减小到0,表明NSGAII-HCS在保证解多样性的前提下,能使解接近或收敛到真实的Pareto最优解锋面.最后,将NSGAII-HCS与地下水流模拟软件MODFLOW和溶质运移模拟软件MT3DMS相耦合,并应用到一个理想的二维地下水污染修复管理模型中,结果分析表明该方法可为地下水污染治理提供多样的和收敛的Pareto管理策略,是一种稳定可靠的多目标优化方法.     

Evaluation of Local Ecological Knowledge as a Method for Collecting Extensive Data on Animal Abundance

Abstract:  The use of local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been advocated for biodiversity monitoring and management. To date, however, it has been underused in studying wild populations of animals and, particularly, in obtaining quantitative abundance estimates. We evaluated LEK as a tool for collecting extensive data on local animal abundance and population trends. We interviewed shepherds in southeastern Spain, asking them to estimate the local abundance of the terrestrial tortoise Testudo graeca . We quantified reliability of abundance estimates derived from interviews by comparing them with those obtained from standard field-sampling protocols (distance sampling). We also explored the complementarity of these 2 approaches. LEK provided high-quality and low-cost information about both distribution and abundance of T. graeca . Interviews with shepherds yielded abundance estimates in a much wider range than linear transects, which only detected the species in the upper two-thirds of its abundance range. Abundance estimates from both methodologies showed a close relationship. Analysis of confidence intervals indicated local knowledge could be used to estimate mean local abundances and to detect mean population trends. A cost analysis determined that the information derived from LEK was 100 times cheaper than that obtained through linear-transect surveys. Our results should further the use of LEK as a standard tool for sampling the quantitative abundance of a great variety of taxa, particularly when population densities are low and traditional sampling methods are expensive or difficult to implement.     

Rank aggregation of local expert knowledge for conservation planning of the critically endangered saola

There has been much recent interest in using local knowledge and expert opinion for conservation planning, particularly for hard‐to‐detect species. Although it is possible to ask for direct estimation of quantities such as population size, relative abundance is easier to estimate. However, an expert's knowledge is often geographically restricted relative to the area of interest. Combining (or aggregating) experts’ assessments of relative abundance is difficult when each expert only knows a part of the area of interest. We used Google's PageRank algorithm to aggregate ranked abundance scores elicited from local experts through a rapid rural‐appraisal method. We applied this technique to conservation planning for the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), a poorly known bovid. Near a priority landscape for the species, composed of 3 contiguous protected areas, we asked groups of local people to indicate relative abundances of saola and other species by placing beans on community maps. For each village, we used this information to rank areas within the knowledge area of that village for saola abundance. We used simulations to compare alternative methods to aggregate the rankings from the different villages. The best‐performing method was then used to produce a single map of relative abundance across the entire landscape, an area larger than that known to any one village. This map has informed prioritization of surveys and conservation action in the continued absence of direct information about the saola.     

基于无线局域网(WLAN)的油田安全监控系统研究

针对油田监控对象具有点多、面广、跨区域的特点,指出对油田进行无线监控的必要性,并对6种常见的无线通信手段的特点进行比较;根据油田安全监控的业务需求,提出基于WLAN技术的油田安全监控系统硬件结构和软件功能设计方案;并结合工程实施案例介绍系统中无线设备的选型、安装和防雷接地等方面的工程问题。该研究成果实现油田的安全监控预警,减少或避免事故发生的可能性,有利于提高油田安全管理的科学性,具有实用推广价值。