污泥停留时间对厌氧膜生物反应器处理餐厨废水效能的影响

采用中试厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）处理高浓度餐厨废水,多维分析污泥停留时间（SRT为50、30和20 d）对其运行效能的影响。结果显示,AnMBR在各SRT工况下均展现出较好的稳定性,消化罐pH维持在7.2（7.8之间,膜出水COD去除率达到96%以上。缩短SRT虽然能够有效提高有机负荷,但是过低的SRT会显著降低COD转化率。AnMBR在SRT 30 d工况下可获得最佳处理效能,有机负荷达到（8.7±1.3）kg COD·（m3·d）-1,沼气生产强度达到（4.5±0.8）m3·（m3·d）-1,COD转化率为（82.1±7.3）%。厌氧消化液中胶体态和溶解性大分子有机质的累积是导致膜过滤效能下降的主要原因,控制SRT 30 d有效削减了其积累量,从而提高了膜通量并减缓了膜污染趋势。Ca2+会沉积在污泥混合液中,其浓度随着SRT缩短显著降低。此外,SRT缩短会降低长链脂肪酸（LCFA）的转化率;但是未降解的LCFA很可能与Ca2+形成沉淀,会减轻游离LCFA对微生物活性的抑制作用,进而有助于AnMBR的稳定运行。     

大跨度偏压隧道受火损伤分析

为探明火灾对大跨度偏压隧道造成的不利影响,依托贵州省某公路隧道工程,基于ANSYS有限元软件分析不同埋深及偏压条件下大跨度隧道结构的最大损伤和相对温度损伤变化规律,并对其温度场分布和应力分布规律进行总结。结果表明:衬砌高温损伤约60 mm,温度影响深度约300 mm,内部温升过程逐渐由曲线变化转变为直线变化;最大损伤深度随偏压角度增加近似呈指数增长变化,而相对温度损伤略有减小,当偏压角度较大时,火灾将成为隧道破坏的诱导因素而非直接因素;最大损伤深度与偏压隧道埋深近似呈抛物线变化,火灾对偏压隧道影响显著,必须采取有效预防措施;随着受火时间的增加,临火侧衬砌混凝土在热膨胀及围岩约束作用下,压应力快速增加,存在较大的压溃风险。     

脉冲喷吹2000mm长滤筒的清灰性能

为探究2 000 mm长滤筒滤筒在脉冲清灰时,不同喷吹条件(喷吹孔径、喷吹距离)对滤筒清灰性能的影响及沿长滤筒长度方向上侧壁压力峰值分布规律,设计脉冲喷吹实验,测定Φ147 mm×2 000 mm(覆PTFE膜)长滤筒在不同喷吹条件下的侧壁压力峰值.实验结果表明,2 000 mm长滤筒的最佳喷吹孔径为15 mm,最佳喷吹距离为240 mm,在0.5 MPa条件下,沿滤筒长度方向上各测点的侧壁压力峰值分别为P0 1 084、P1 1 898、P2 1 276、P3 1 556、P4 1 302和P5 3 258.并得出最佳喷吹距离随着喷吹孔径的减小而逐渐增大,以及沿长滤筒长度方向上侧壁压力峰值分布呈现先增加再减小再增加的分布规律.研究成果旨在为长滤筒过滤系统优化设计及滤筒除尘器代替滤袋除尘器的应用上提供指导.     

上部开口诱导引流装置对卧式长滤筒清灰性能的影响

采用仿真模拟及喷吹实验,研究采用卧式长滤筒的脉冲滤筒除尘器的清灰性能。由于卧式长滤筒在截面形状、放置方式和筒身长度上与传统滤筒有明显区别,使得其清灰方式需要进一步优化。探究诱导引流装置的上部开口尺寸对卧式长滤筒清灰性能的影响发现,随着上部开口口径增大,压力均值逐渐增大,压力分布均匀性有所降低。综合清灰性能指标评价得出,D₁₆型上部开口引流装置在0.4 MPa,175 mm的喷吹参数下可实现卧式长滤筒的高效清灰。本研究结果可为卧式长滤筒清灰性能的优化提供参考。     

持久性有机污染物(待续)

持久性有机污染物的环境化学和生态毒理学是目前环境研究最活跃的领域之一。本文综述了持久性有机污染物的成分特性、对生物群的毒理效应、环境污染源、环境分析、环境行为、食物链传播、地区性或全球性的污染传输等问题。同时提出了对目前和将来持久性有机污染物研究的一些浅见。     

Characterizing fish responses to a river restoration over 21 years based on species’ traits

Understanding restoration effectiveness is often impaired by a lack of high‐quality, long‐term monitoring data and, to date, few researchers have used species’ trait information to gain insight into the processes that drive the reaction of fish communities to restoration. We examined fish‐community responses with a highly resolved data set from 21 consecutive years of electrofishing (4 years prerestoration and 17 years postrestoration) at multiple restored and unrestored reaches from a river restoration project on the Lippe River, Germany. Fish abundance peaked in the third year after the restoration; abundance was 6 times higher than before the restoration. After 5–7 years, species richness and abundance stabilized at 2 and 3.5 times higher levels relative to the prerestoration level, respectively. However, interannual variability of species richness and abundance remained considerable, illustrating the challenge of reliably assessing restoration outcomes based on data from individual samplings, especially in the first years following restoration. Life‐history and reproduction‐related traits best explained differences in species’ responses to restoration. Opportunistic short‐lived species with early female maturity and multiple spawning runs per year exhibited the strongest increase in abundance, which reflected their ability to rapidly colonize new habitats. These often small‐bodied and fusiform fishes typically live in dynamic and ephemeral instream and floodplain areas that river‐habitat restorations often aim to create, and in this case their increases in abundance indicated successful restoration. Our results suggest that a greater consideration of species’ traits may enhance the causal understanding of community processes and the coupling of restoration to functional ecology. Trait‐based assessments of restoration outcomes would furthermore allow for easier transfer of knowledge across biogeographic borders than studies based on taxonomy.     

Long-term thermophilic mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion with potato pulp

In this study, mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp were studied for the first time in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) experiments at 55 °C. Rendering wastes have high protein and lipid contents and are considered good substrates for methane production. However, accumulation of digestion intermediate products viz., volatile fatty acids (VFAs), long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N and/or free NH₃) can cause process imbalance during the digestion. Mono-digestion of rendering wastes at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 kg volatile solids (VS)/m³ d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 50 d was unstable and resulted in methane yields of 450 dm³/kg VS_fed. On the other hand, co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp (60% wet weight, WW) at the same OLR and HRT improved the process stability and increased methane yields (500–680 dm³/kg VS_fed). Thus, it can be concluded that co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp could improve the process stability and methane yields from these difficult to treat industrial waste materials.     

长光路FTIR研究HFC152a光化学反应

用长光路ＦＴＩＲ技术研究氟里昂替代物ＨＦＣ１５２ａ（ＣＨ３ＣＨＦ２）在对流层中的化学反应，氯离子作反应的引发剂，用相对速度方法测定了ＨＦＣ１５２ａ与Ｃｌ原子反应速率常数为（２．３±０．５）×１０＾－１３ｃｍ＾３·ｍｏｌ＾－１·ｓ＾－１（２９８±Ｋ）。ＨＦＣ１５２ａ在对流层中的主要含氟光解产物为ＣＯＦ２，产率为８８％。有关反应机理进行了讨论。     

Hunting, law enforcement, and African primate conservation

Abstract: Primates are regularly hunted for bushmeat in tropical forests, and systematic ecological monitoring can help determine the effect hunting has on these and other hunted species. Monitoring can also be used to inform law enforcement and managers of where hunting is concentrated. We evaluated the effects of law enforcement informed by monitoring data on density and spatial distribution of 8 monkey species in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. We conducted intensive surveys of monkeys and looked for signs of human activity throughout the park. We also gathered information on the activities of law‐enforcement personnel related to hunting and evaluated the relative effects of hunting, forest cover and proximity to rivers, and conservation effort on primate distribution and density. The effects of hunting on monkeys varied among species. Red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) were most affected and Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli) were least affected by hunting. Density of monkeys irrespective of species was up to 100 times higher near a research station and tourism site in the southwestern section of the park, where there is little hunting, than in the southeastern part of the park. The results of our monitoring guided law‐enforcement patrols toward zones with the most hunting activity. Such systematic coordination of ecological monitoring and law enforcement may be applicable at other sites.     

基于序列模式的土地利用变化分析——以广西壮族自治区为例

土地利用变化是一个长期的过程,同时具有一定的复杂性。传统的转移矩阵方法只能在两期土地利用数据之间相互比较而不能总结长期整体的变化规律,频繁项集不能导出变化序列。针对这些方法的不足,本文提出了基于序列模式的土地利用变化序列分析模型。首先给出土地序列数据库的定义,然后根据土地序列数据实际特点和垂直格式的序列模式SPADE算法,给出土地变化序列模式的计算过程和方法。在以中国广西为实例的研究中,计算了1970s—2015年共7期22种二级土地利用类型的变化序列。研究区土地利用变化主要发生在林地之间,部分林地转换为厂矿、采石场、交通道路等建设用地类型;城镇用地主要由旱地和水田转换而来;在研究期内没有任何一个土地单元转化成水田。