关于我国首都迁址的再探讨

北京作为中国首都已经出现了许多不相适应的弊端,困扰着首都功能的正常发挥,而且这些问题呈进一步恶化的趋势。无论改都论、双都论还是展都论,都不能从根本上解决北京日趋集中的问题。从北京存在的一系列问题入手,指出了迁都的必要性;然后从迁都的历史可行性、经验可行性、经济可行性和操作可行性4个方面论证了迁都的可行性;运用定量与定性相结合的方法,构建理想首都区位模型,对迁都方位进行了选择。认为长江中游地区是建立新都的最理想方位,并从首都安全、定都成本和区位影响角度,分析了长江中游地区建设中国新都的不可替代的优势,最后还探讨了模型的计算尺度问题和迁都应注意的问题。     

长江下游典型水域湿地近百年变化分析

湿地是水域和陆地系统交互接壤地带形成的一种特殊类型的生态系统,具有十分重要的生态服务功能。长江中下游地区分布着以湖泊和河流湿地为主的大面积湿地,同时也是人口密集区,水域湿地在近百年发生了巨大变化。选择长江下游太湖平原上的典型湿地为例,根据历史史料记载和近代精确的地形图、遥感资料,首次得出了研究区近百年水域湿地的精确面积和空间分布状况,并对影响其变化的因素进行了分析。对揭示长江下游湿地环境的变化规律做了有益的探索。     

长江中下游地区汛期暴雨频次的时空分布特征

利用长江中下游地区六省一市1960~2003年81个台站汛期（5~9月）逐日降水资料,统计出了不同台站近44年逐年汛期暴雨事件的发生频次,并进行了时空分布特征分析。结果表明：汛期暴雨事件最频发的区域在皖南到赣北一带,而北部的鄂北和皖北是最少发的区域;一致性异常特征是长江中下游地区汛期暴雨事件发生频次的最主要空间模态;汛期暴雨事件发生频次可分为以下5个主要的空间分型：两湖平原型、北方型、长江沿江型、南方型、沿海型;从长期变化趋势来看,两湖平原型、长江沿江型和沿海型暴雨事件发生频次表现为较明显的增加趋势,南方型基本没有长期变化趋势,但有先降后升的特点,而北方型表现为弱的减少趋势;近44年来暴雨事件发生频次各分区的周期振荡不太一致。     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Changes in groundwater levels and the response of natural vegetation to transfer of water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Restoration and reconstruction of the degraded Tarim River ecosystem is an important challenge.A goal of an ecological water conveyance project is to protect and restore the natural vegetation in the lower reaches of Tarim River by transferring water from Bosten Lake,through the river channel,to the lower reaches.This study describes the changes in groundwater depth during the water transfer and the respondence of riparian vegetation to alterations in groundwater levels.The results indicate that groundwater depth along the Tarim River channel has a significant spatial-temporal component.Groundwater levels closest to the river channel show the most immediate and pronounced changes as a response to water transfer while those further away respond more slowly,although the observed change appears to be longer in duration.With a rise in the groundwater level,natural vegetation responded with higher growth rates,biomass and biodiversity.These favorable changes show that it is feasible to protect and restore the degraded natural vegetation by raising the groundwater depth.Plant communities are likely to reflect the hysteresis phenomenon,requiring higher water levels to initiate and stimulate desired growth than what may be needed to maintain the plant community.Because different species have different ecologies,including different root depths and densities and water needs,their response to increasing water availability will be spatially and temporally heterogenous.The response of vegetation is also influenced by microtopography and watering style.This paper discusses strategies for the protection and restoration of the degraded vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and provides information to complement ongoing theoretical research into ecological restoration in arid or semi-arid ecosystems.     

湖南省境内长江中上游防护林体系建设第一期工程的进展

长江中上游防护林建设第一期工程1990年在湖南省境内启动实施以来,先后在全省33个县(市、区)开展了工作,共完成投资22 284.8万元,重点造林工程项目主要采取人工植苗造林、低效林改造、封山育林和幼林抚育等 4种方式,在整个长江防护林建设工程过程中始终坚持良种壮苗技术的推广和造林树种选择及其造林技术的研究。长江防护林建设重点工程占43.84%,一般营造林占56.16%;该建设工程获得的生态效益总计达到51 980.87万元,直接经济效益共计706 283.63万元,为社会提供了43.6万个劳动力一年就业岗位,文末还指出了该建设工程中存在的5个方面问题及3项对策。     

降雨季节岷江上游高山森林溪流非木质残体氮和磷贮量特征

高山森林生态系统氮和磷可随溪流非木质残体的输出和降解而流失,进而影响下游水体环境,但目前缺乏必要关注.因此,本文以岷江上游高山森林为研究对象,于2013年8月(雨量最大季节)调查了18条溪流中的非木质残体(树皮、树叶和1 cm树枝)氮和磷贮量特征.结果表明,该区域溪流中非木质残体氮在单位面积集水区的贮量为2684 mg·hm-2,在单位面积溪流的氮贮量为774 mg·m-2,其中,树皮、树叶和1 cm树枝在单位面积溪流的贮量分别为112、154和508 mg·m-2,分别占总氮贮量的14%、20%和66%;溪流中非木质残体磷在单位面积集水区的贮量为468 mg·hm-2,在单位面积溪流的磷贮量为135 mg·m-2,其中,树皮、树叶和1 cm树枝在单位面积溪流的贮量分别为15、31和89mg·m-2,分别占总磷贮量的11%、23%和66%.回归分析结果表明,非木质残体氮和磷贮量均随溪流长度和面积的增加而显著增加,但随溪流流量的增加表现为先增加再降低的趋势.这些结果为深入认识岷江上游高山森林氮和磷流失途径及其对下游生态系统的潜在影响提供了新的思路.     

长江中游沉积物中多溴联苯醚的污染特征及风险评价

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)具有高毒性和生物累积性,进入水体后易与有机质相结合,成为PBDEs污染物的重要归宿,对人类健康和水生生态系统造成潜在的危险.为揭示多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)在长江中游流域的污染现状,通过采集该地区流域内13个表层沉积物样品,采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(HRGC/HRMS)对沉积物中9种PBDEs同类物进行分析.结果表明该地区沉积物中9种PBDEs的含量范围(干重)约为46.1~326 pg·g~(-1),而BDE-99是其中最主要的贡献单体,平均贡献率约为51.6%;其次是BDE-47,约为19.6%.与国内外其他海域的研究相比,长江中游沉积物中PBDEs残留量处于较低水平.通过测定沉积物中总有机碳(TOC),研究结果发现PBDEs含量与TOC无明显的正相关关系.结合商值法对PBDEs的健康风险进行初步评估,结果表明,本研究中PBDEs对人体产生的健康风险较小.     

长江中下游地区丰水期河、湖水氢氧同位素组成特征

稳定同位素技术在示踪水体的来源、演化及不同水体间相互转化关系、污染源已被广泛地应用.基于2018年7月对长江中下游地区长江干流河水和湖水同位素样品收集,本文分析了长江中下游地区丰水期河水和湖水中δ~(18)O和δ~2H组成特征,在此基础上进一步揭示了其空间上演化特征及其影响因素.结果表明长江干流δ~(18)O和δ~2H值自三峡库区向下游地区呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,这与降水同位素变化密切相关.在三峡库区段与宜昌-城陵矶段河水δ~(18)O和δ~2H值无显著差异,而河水d-excess值波动范围较小.在洞庭湖-江汉和华阳-鄱阳湖湖泊群中湖水δ~(18)O和δ~2H值要贫于太湖-三角洲湖泊群,且太湖-三角洲湖泊群湖水中d-excess值为负值,这主要是太湖-三角洲地区受同位素较为富集的降水和强烈的蒸发作用的影响.在淀山湖和大通湖同位素值最大,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖同位素值偏小,这主要是由于长江与鄱阳湖、洞庭湖直接相通,两湖的水情直接受制于长江影响,水位较高,鄱阳湖和洞庭湖同位素组成受长江水补给影响明显.因此,开展长江中下游河湖水同位素的调查研究,这将对充分认识于了解长江中下游地区大气降水-河水-湖水的相互联系与探讨其水资源合理利用和管理提供科学依据.