An integrated CNC accumulation system for automatic building-around-inserts

In this paper a non-layer-based additive manufacturing (AM) process named computer numerically controlled (CNC) accumulation process is presented for applications such as plastic part repairing and modification. To facilitate the CNC accumulation process, a novel three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning system based on a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device is developed for in situ scanning of inserted components. The integration of the scanning system in the CNC accumulation process enables the building-around-inserts with little human efforts. A point processing method based on the algebraic point set surface (APSS) fitting and layered depth-normal image (LDNI) representation is developed for converting the scanning points into triangular meshes. The newly developed 3D scanning system is compact and has sufficient accuracy for the CNC accumulation process. Based on the constructed surface model, data processing operations including multi-axis tool path planning and motion control are also investigated. Multiple test cases are performed to illustrate the capability of the integrated CNC accumulation process on addressing the requirements of building-around-inserts.     

A comparison of four sustainable manufacturing strategies

Effective use of materials is one possible component of a sustainable manufacturing strategy. There are many such strategies proposed in the literature and used in practice, with confusion over what they are, what the differences among them may be and how they can be used by practitioners in design and manufacture to improve the sustainability of their product and processes. This paper reviews the literature on sustainable manufacturing strategies that deliver improved material performance. Four primary strategies were found: waste minimisation; material efficiency; resource efficiency; and eco‐efficiency. The literature was analysed to determine the key characteristics of these sustainable manufacturing strategies and 17 characteristics were found. The four strategies were then compared and contrasted against all the characteristics. While current literature often uses these strategy titles in a confusing, occasionally inter‐changeable manner, this study attempts to create clear separation between them. Definition, scope and practicality of measurement are shown to be key characteristics that impact upon the ability of manufacturing companies to make effective use of the proposed strategy. It is observed that the most actionable strategies may not include all of the dimensions of interest to a manufacturer wishing to become more sustainable, creating a dilemma between ease of implementation and breadth of impact.     

A Multilevel Approach to Manual Lifting in Manufacturing Industries

Musculoskeletal injuries are often the consequences of wrong postural configurations used during Manual Materials Handling (MMH). This eventually leads to a large payout of worker’s compensation and loss of production time. A simulated study of back injury risks has been carried out on seven selected manufacturing industries to identify and evaluate harmful working postures. For each MMH task, Ovako Working Posture Analyzing System (OWAS) codes have been identified with the help of motion study pictures. Also, Chaffin's biomechanical model was used to calculate L5/S1 load compression values on the spine during MMH activities. The multilevel approach adopted was a combination of OWAS and Chaffin’s biomechanical model. The application of a digitizer enabled us to identify the coordinates and it made a subsequent evaluation of the angles of each body link possible.     

The Effectiveness of a “Break Experiment” from a Long-Term Perspective

The study reports the results of a follow-up evaluation, conducted in 1994, of the impact of a training program for female unskilled metal workers that was implemented at the end of the 1970s. The program was designed to promote occupational skills development, and was first evaluated in 1979. On both occasions of evaluation the investment in training was examined from two perspectives, those of the training participants and management. Data were collected through semistructured personal interviews with key members of personnel management and through a group conversation session with a majority of the original course attendees. Supplementary background information was obtained from documents and records maintained by the organization. At some points, there was a convergence of views on the significance of the training program for occupational skills development, at others a divergence. These convergences and divergences are finally discussed and the findings of the study are related to other research on this particular kind of intervention.     

Canadian manufacturing: The impacts of natural resource price increases on input demands and costs

The separate effects of 50% increases in the prices of energy, renewable and nonrenewable natural resource inputs on factor demands and production costs are simulated for Canadian total manufacturing and six two-digit industries. Both renewable and nonrenewable natural resource price increases have a substantially greater effect upon the demands for other factors and upon production costs than a parallel energy price increase. These results are important from a policy perspective and justify the further disaggregation of inputs in this and in other models of input demand.     

家电产品的绿色制造技术与环境保护

家电产品的更新换代越来越快,家电产品在制造、使用、报废整个生命周期中,对环境造成一定的危害,从保护环境和可持续发展的战略要求出发,家电产品的发展模式、生产模式、消费模式和行为模式都必须充分考虑到经济效益和环境效应的协调,经济的发展不能以牺牲环境为代价.而绿色制造技术是家电产品制造业综合考虑环境影响和资源利用的现代制造技术.目的是将产品在生命周期中对环境的破坏或危害降低到最小,并使资源综合利用率达到最高.这是解决环境问题,实现可持续发展战略在现代制造业中的体现.     

混凝沉淀-兼氧-好氧法处理钮扣生产废水

介绍了混凝沉淀 兼氧 好氧法处理制扣废水的工程应用实例。工程运行结果表明 :该工艺对CODCr的去除率97%以上 ,SS的去除率可达 99% ,处理出水稳定达标。     

红檵木及其中小型桩景速成制作技艺综述

为开发利用湖南乡土红檵木树种资源，本文从种质资源与观赏习性、桩材来源、造型制作技术、养护与管理等5个方面，全面论述了红檵木中小型树桩盆景生产制作现状，探讨了一些值得关注的实际问题．     

木质家具制造企业职业病危害化学因素调查及防治对策

为了提高木质家具制造企业职业病防护水平,提出科学性的整改措施,以8家浙江省某市家具制造企业为调查对象,采用职业卫生现场调查、检测方法,调查了企业现场防护设施及个人防护用品,分析了职业病危害化学因素检测结果。结果显示,木质家具制造企业粉尘超标严重,高毒物质甲醛及有机毒物部分超标,部分防护设施防护效果不符合要求,个人防护用品配备率不高,需在通风除尘方面采取相应措施,提高个人防护水平,保障劳动者的健康。     

从行为科学角度浅论家具生产企业安全管理

家具生产企业的安全状况如何,直接影响企业的经济效益,影响着生产员工的情绪稳定.本文旨在运用行为科学理论,剖析家具生产企业事故发生的原因,并提出了避免出现安全事故的相应措施,促进家具企业的健康发展.