典型农药制造企业废气污染物排放特征及风险评估

选取2家典型农药制造企业为研究对象,探究农药制造行业废气排放特征、环境影响和人体健康风险.结果表明,不同企业由于产品、生产环节的不同产生的污染物存在一定差异,A企业污染物以氨、含氧有机物和卤代烃为主,B企业污染物以卤代烃为主.臭氧生成潜势(OFP)范围在1.96～107.24 mg·m^-3之间,二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)范围为0.94～74.72 mg·m^-3,对OFP和SOAFP贡献较大为含氧有机物、芳香烃和卤代烃.农药企业恶臭物质较为复杂,主要恶臭物质涵盖了硫化物、含氧有机物、含氮化合物和芳香烃.农药企业所有排气筒废气的LCR均高于10^-6,存在一定的致癌风险,A企业LCR范围为4.10×10^-6～5.34×10^-3之间,B企业LCR范围在1.23×10^-3～4.35×10^-1之间,卤代烃,特别是1,2-二氯乙烷是农药企业主要的致癌风险物质,需要企业加以重视.     

Volatile organic compounds concentration profiles and control strategy in container manufacturing industry: Case studies in China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), important precursors of ozone (O₃) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), are the key to curb the momentum of O₃ growth and further reducing PM_2.5 in China. Container manufacturing industry is one of the major VOC emitters, and more than 96% containers of the world are produced in China, with the annual usage of coatings of over 200,000 tons in recent years. This is the first research on the emission characteristics of VOCs in Chinese container manufacturing industry, including concentration and ozone formation potential (OFP) of each species. The result shows that the largest amounts of VOCs are emitted during the pretreatment process, followed by the paint mixing process and primer painting process, and finally other sprays process. The average VOC concentrations in the workshops, the exhausts before treatment and the exhausts after treatment are ranging from 82.67–797.46 , 170–1,812.65 , 66.20–349.63 mg/m³, respectively. Benzenes, alcohols and ethers are main species, which contribute more than 90% OFP together. Based on the emission characteristics of VOCs and the technical feasibility, it is recommended to set the emission limit in standard of benzene to 1.0 mg/m³, toluene to 10 mg/m³, xylene to 20 mg/m³, benzenes to 40 mg/m³, alcohols and ethers to 50 mg/m³, and VOCs to 100 mg/m³. The study reports the industry emission characteristics and discusses the standard limits, which is a powerful support to promote VOCs emission reduction, and to promote the coordinated control of PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution.     

基于数智化生产线的木质建材生产碳排放评估

为研究数智化生产线的木质建材碳排放特征,为减碳策略提供底层数据支撑,对某数智化工厂生产的地板、木门和门套进行了基于生命周期评价的碳排放核算,其单位质量碳足迹分别为1.21,1.26和0.47kgCO₂e/kg,地板和木门的碳排放强度均高于同类产品.材料和制造过程是木质建材产品的主要碳排放来源,分别占产品总碳排的54.74%~77.47%和18.57%~38.94%;运输阶段和废气处理阶段碳排放之和均低于碳排放总量的9%.基于蒙特卡洛模拟的不确定性分析表明本研究结果具有较高精准度.数智化工厂未来可考虑从甄选低碳原材料、优化产品设计、提升设备能源效率、扩大清洁能源比例等方面进一步提升.     

机械制造企业开展安全标准化工作的难点及对策

企业开展安全标准化工作可控制事故发生,提高安全管理水平。该文以中国重汽集团所属子公司为实例,分析其在达标过程中的各项数据,找出机械制造企业开展安全标准化达标工作的难点所在。经分析,机械制造企业开展安全标准化达标工作的难点主要集中在企业安全投入不足,安全生产管理工作的宽度和深度不够,忽略生产中的细节问题以及未能完善处理历史遗留问题等。针对这些工作难点本文提出机械制造企业应加大安全投入提高专业水平,全面动员精心组织,全面整改注重工作深度,建立长效机制不断完善提高等对策措施。以上措施在中国重型汽车集团所属九家子公司安全标准化达标工作中起到了积极的作用,值得其他机械制造类企业借鉴。     

Small Business Owners’ Knowledge of Their Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Legislative Responsibilities

This article reports the results of a study investigating the nature and extent of small manufacturing business owners’ knowledge of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues. Interviews were conducted with 33 owners of small manufacturing businesses in Sydney, Australia. Results showed that whereas the majority of owners had basic awareness of the existence of OHS legislation, they were often unaware about the extent of their legal OHS responsibilities. Owners were found to have minimal OHS training and practical OHS expertise. Lack of appropriate industry specific OHS information was found to be a major factor that inhibited the owners’ ability to deal with OHS issues effectively.     

电路板生产项目施工期环境监理实践重点

结合环境监理工作实践与体会,对电路板生产项目环境监理工作重点进行探讨,分析了电路板生产项目开展环境监理工作的必要性;给出了电路板生产项目环境监理工作重点,包括设计环保符合性核查、环保“三同时”、隐蔽工程、环境风险防范措施、清洁生产和循环经济、排放口和在线监测系统等;指出了该类型项目环境监理工作存在尚未制定建设项目环境监理分类管理名录、缺乏环境监理技术规范、环境监理机构授权不足的问题;针对问题,给出了制定建设项目环境监理分类管理名录及环境监理技术规范、提高建设单位环境保护意识的对策与建议。     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste （MHW） which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10^5 ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out infield investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize haz- ardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

Geographic Concentration in China''''s Manufacturing

This paper empirically examines variations and changes in manufacturing concentration and their determinants in China over the 1980-2003 period with a sample of 26 industries. The analysis indicates that average industrial concentration has increased during the 1990s. Studies show that scale economies and industry policies are important determinants for industries geographical concentration; factor endowments and the location of foreign direct investment are also found to have a positive effect on concentration.     

生物柴油制备工艺影响因素的探讨

介绍了生物柴油制备的基本工艺,着重阐述了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、醇油比、水分以及游离脂肪酸含量对生物柴油制备的影响,并提出了生物柴油制备工艺今后的研究方向和开发前景。     

清洁生产审核在机械制造企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业实现可持续发展战略的必由之路,企业清洁生产审核是企业实施清洁生产的重要内容和有效工具。本文在对某机械制造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,组织实施了3个中／高费方案和18无／低费方案,已实施方案每年可节电79．7万度,节约柴油10．1吨,节约工时费25．0万元,燃气费1．0万元,产生效益93．2万元,取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。