Small Business Owners’ Knowledge of Their Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Legislative Responsibilities

This article reports the results of a study investigating the nature and extent of small manufacturing business owners’ knowledge of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues. Interviews were conducted with 33 owners of small manufacturing businesses in Sydney, Australia. Results showed that whereas the majority of owners had basic awareness of the existence of OHS legislation, they were often unaware about the extent of their legal OHS responsibilities. Owners were found to have minimal OHS training and practical OHS expertise. Lack of appropriate industry specific OHS information was found to be a major factor that inhibited the owners’ ability to deal with OHS issues effectively.     

电路板生产项目施工期环境监理实践重点

结合环境监理工作实践与体会,对电路板生产项目环境监理工作重点进行探讨,分析了电路板生产项目开展环境监理工作的必要性;给出了电路板生产项目环境监理工作重点,包括设计环保符合性核查、环保“三同时”、隐蔽工程、环境风险防范措施、清洁生产和循环经济、排放口和在线监测系统等;指出了该类型项目环境监理工作存在尚未制定建设项目环境监理分类管理名录、缺乏环境监理技术规范、环境监理机构授权不足的问题;针对问题,给出了制定建设项目环境监理分类管理名录及环境监理技术规范、提高建设单位环境保护意识的对策与建议。     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste （MHW） which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10^5 ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out infield investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize haz- ardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

Geographic Concentration in China''''s Manufacturing

This paper empirically examines variations and changes in manufacturing concentration and their determinants in China over the 1980-2003 period with a sample of 26 industries. The analysis indicates that average industrial concentration has increased during the 1990s. Studies show that scale economies and industry policies are important determinants for industries geographical concentration; factor endowments and the location of foreign direct investment are also found to have a positive effect on concentration.     

生物柴油制备工艺影响因素的探讨

介绍了生物柴油制备的基本工艺,着重阐述了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、醇油比、水分以及游离脂肪酸含量对生物柴油制备的影响,并提出了生物柴油制备工艺今后的研究方向和开发前景。     

清洁生产审核在机械制造企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业实现可持续发展战略的必由之路,企业清洁生产审核是企业实施清洁生产的重要内容和有效工具。本文在对某机械制造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,组织实施了3个中／高费方案和18无／低费方案,已实施方案每年可节电79．7万度,节约柴油10．1吨,节约工时费25．0万元,燃气费1．0万元,产生效益93．2万元,取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

甲胺生产废水中甲醇的资源化研究

根据甲胺生产废水中各有机物沸点的差异,利用盐酸作为掩蔽剂,通过正交试验和单因素优化试验,对蒸馏法回收甲胺生产废水中甲醇的工艺条件进行优化,表明:在保温温度85℃,保温时间180min,掩蔽剂比(酸(∶氨+胺))1.1:1条件下,甲醇的回收率在80%以上,剩余的氨氮维持在0.4g/L,COD去除率约30%,掩蔽效率在97%以上,出水氯离子浓度为190～195mg/L,pH值6.94～6.99;余液中的混胺盐和铵盐通过蒸发结晶可制得高效氮肥。因此用蒸馏法回收甲醇具有良好的效果,实现了甲胺生产废水中甲醇的资源化。     

Improving the environmental performance of machine-tools: influence of technology and throughput on the electrical energy consumption of a press-brake

Machine-tools have been identified as one of the main energy-using products to be analyzed in an Ecodesign perspective, targeting the reduction of their environmental impact. Following this, machine-tool manufacturers are committed to anticipate eminent regulations and are looking for guidelines to improve their products on an effective and low-cost manner. This paper describes part of the energy consumption study followed in the frame of the Ecodesign of a commercial press-brake. All-hydraulic and all-electric commercially available systems, of different capacities and working in real production scenarios, have been included. From this study, a preliminary version of an LCI dataset for the bending process is proposed, structured in technology, machine capacity and usage mode categories, and using the bending cycle as the reference unit. The energy consumption per category was estimated based on a specific process energy model built as a function of the referred parameters. The contribution of the respective machine-tool structure to the environmental impact of the machining process is to be included, targeting the completion of such machining unit process dataset. The full LCA of an all-hydraulic system revealed the significant contribution of the machine-tool structure to the global life-cycle environmental impact of the machine (about 40%), while electricity during use phase contributes with about 46% to the total impact. This contradicts the general results published for other metal and non-metal forming processes, and is understood to be related with the discrete loading character of such forming processes here discussed.     

中美制药工业水污染物排放标准比较分析

当今医药行业快速发展,是中国国民经济的重要组成部分,而制药工业废水污染控制也已成为影响规模化和可持续发展的关键问题。环境管理是政府管理职能和企事业单位经营管理的一个重要组成部分,对于制药工业,其水污染物排放标准体系更是环境监管和污染控制的基本依据。因此,通过分析比较中美两国环境管理体系和制药工业水污染物排放标准,得出两者各自的特点和异同,从而为进一步完善中国制药工业的污染防治和环境管理体系提供借鉴。     

A framework to minimise total energy consumption and total tardiness on a single machine

A great amount of energy is wasted in industry by machines that remain idle due to underutilisation. A way to avoid wasting energy and thus reducing the carbon print of an industrial plant is to consider minimisation of energy consumption objective while making scheduling decisions. To minimise energy consumption, the decision maker has to decide the timing and length of turn off/turn on operation (a setup) and also provide a sequence of jobs that minimises the scheduling objective, assuming that all jobs are not available at the same time. In this paper, a framework to solve a multiobjective optimisation problem that minimises total energy consumption and total tardiness is proposed. Since total tardiness problem with release dates is an NP‐hard problem, a new greedy randomised multiobjective adaptive search metaheuristic is utilised to obtain an approximate pareto front (i.e. an approximate set of non‐dominated solutions). Analytical Hierarchy Process is utilised to determine the ‘best’ alternative among the solutions on the pareto front. The proposed framework is illustrated in a case study. It is shown that a wide variety of dispersed solutions can be obtained via the proposed framework, and as total tardiness decreases, total energy consumption increases.