用边际费用分析方法研究制定排污收费的新标准

排污收费的有效性主要取决于它的经济刺激作用。本文分析了排污收费的经济学原理,提出了制定排污收费标准更为合理有效的方法──边际费用分析法,定量地描述和分析了排污收费与其经济刺激作用的关系,以天津纪庄子污水处理厂为例,提出应建立的排污收费标准。本文指出,有效地运用排污收费来管理污水的排放,必须实行区域总量控制,制定具有有效的经济刺激作用的排污收费标准。     

柳州市中小型燃煤污染源脱硫总体方案研究

以国内开发的中小型燃煤污染源ＳＯ２排放控制技术为基础,通过完善化研究和技术经济分析,提出切合柳州市污染源实际情况的脱硫总体方案,即以配煤为协调手段,保证型煤燃烧固硫和流化床燃烧脱硫对高硫低热值煤种的适用性,利用燃烧脱硫所需的过量碱性物质,改造现有湿法除尘设备,提高重点源的脱硫深度,从而以规模化的实用脱硫技术保证总量控制减方案的实施。     

中国应对气候变化的碳减排研究进展

全球气候变化日益引起各国和公众的关注,我国也针对气候变化和二氧化碳减排进行了大量研究以应对挑战。文章在全面总结中国碳减排的研究文献基础上,从碳排放量估算及其影响因素、二氧化碳减排的情景分析、政策技术措施的潜力和成本分析、区域碳减排等4个方面系统归纳分析了我国主要的碳减排研究现状,提出了碳减排研究前景与展望,并建议开发适用于我国的碳减排研究模型,加强我国不同行业不同区域的碳减排研究,提出客观可行的减排措施。     

天津市工业污染治理费用函数研究

本文利用天津市工业污染治理设施运行数据,依据环境工程学原理,研究了厂级污染费用函数和边际削减费用函数。采用环境经济学软件Ｓｔａｔａ进行多元回归,得到的天津市厂级污染削减费用函数和边际削减费用函数具有很高的统计意义,可以作为环境保护投入资金铁利用与环境、经济效益的估计,并可应用于工业废水处理的技术、经济分析、工业废水排放标准的经济分析,以及工业废水区域控制规划、战略和政策的研究等领域。     

INTEGRATING SOCIAL BENEFIT COST ACCOUNTING INTO WATERSHED RESTORATION AND PROTECTION PROGRAMS1

ABSTRACT: Successful watershed management requires consideration of multiple objectives and the efficient use of scarce public and private resources. One way to address these multi-faceted issues is through Social Benefit-Cost Accounting (SBCA). SBCA is a systematic method of addressing complex social and economic issues relevant to proposed watershed management projects. Benefits of using this technique include: benefits and costs of watershed projects are better understood; politically sensitive issues tend to be put into perspective; and stakeholders' interests are placed on a level playing field. An example from Bogota, Colombia demonstrates how SBCA can be used to value the benefits and costs of a proposed project. By addressing the benefits and costs to all stakeholders, the design of watershed management programs can be improved to achieve goals in a cost-effective manner.     

A COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY PROTECTION IN THE CATAWBA BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to perform a cost‐benefit analysis of maintaining the current level of water quality in the Catawba River basin. Economic benefits were estimated using a stated preference survey method designed to value respondents' willingness to pay for a management plan to protect water quality in the Catawba basin over time. From the surveys conducted with 1,085 area residents, we calculated an annual mean willingness to pay of $139 for the management plan, or more than $75.4 million for all taxpayers in the area. Over the five‐year time horizon in which respondents were asked to pay for the management plan, this resulted in a total economic benefit of $340.1 million. The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework model was used to estimate the amount of management activities needed to protect the current level of water quality in the basin over time. Based on the model results, the total cost of the management plan was calculated to be $244.8 million over a ten‐year period. The resulting cost‐benefit analysis indicated that the potential benefits of this management plan would outweigh the costs by more than $95 million.     

京津冀地区大气主要污染物虚拟治理成本分摊研究

京津冀地区空气质量跨区域补偿机制欠缺,已成为制约该区域大气污染联防联控的短板.基于投入产出模型,核算了 2017年生产者负责原则与消费者负责原则下京津冀地区大气污染虚拟治理成本,分析了空气质量补偿主体及资金规模.结果发现,京津冀地区污染物排放具有较强的区域关联关系,说明治理大气污染不只要关注本地减排,还要加强不同地区间...     

Prioritizing prevention opportunities in the Washington State construction industry, 2003-2007

Objective

This study compares construction industry groups in Washington State by injury severity and cost, and ranks industry groups according to potential for prevention.

Methods

All Washington State workers' compensation compensable claims with date of injury between 2003 and 2007 were classified into North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) industry groups. Claims were then aggregated by injury type and industry groups were ranked according to a prevention index (PI). The PI is the average of the rank orders of the claim count and the claim incidence rate. A lower PI indicates a higher need for prevention activities. The severity rate was calculated as the number of days of time loss per 10,000 full-time equivalents (FTEs).

Results

For all injury types, construction industry groups occupy 7 of the top 15 PI ranks in Washington State. The severity rate among construction industry groups was twice that for non-construction groups for all injury types. Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors (NAICS 2381) ranked highest in prevention potential and severity among construction industry groups for most common injury types including falls from elevation, fall on same level, struck by/against, and musculo-skeletal disorders of the neck, back, and upper extremity (WMSDs). Median claim costs by injury type were generally higher among construction industry groups.

Conclusions

The construction industry in Washington State has a high severity rate and potential for prevention. The methods used for characterizing these industry groups can be adapted for comparison within and between other industries and states.

Impact on Industry

These data can be used by industry groups and employers to identify higher cost and higher severity injury types. Knowledge about the relative frequencies and costs associated with different injury types will help employers and construction industry associations make better informed decisions about where prevention efforts are most needed and may have the greatest impact. The results of this study can also be used by industry stakeholders to cooperatively focus on high cost and high severity injuries and explore best practices, interventions, and solutions as demonstrated by efforts to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in masonry (Entzel, Albers, & Welch, 2007). Initiating construction industry groups to focus on high cost and high severity injuries may also help prevent other types of injuries.     

基于LEAP模型的临港新片区中长期碳排放预测及减排潜力分析

基于上海临港新片区现有统计数据,结合其未来社会经济发展、产业结构和技术进步等,构建了LEAP-临港模型,分析了基准情景、低碳情景和强化低碳情景下新片区的能源需求和碳排放演化趋势.为增强模型的预测精准度,采用Logistic人口生长模型对临港未来人口数据进行预测,并利用学习曲线模型模拟相关减碳技术的成本发展趋势.同时,构建了碳减排技术的经济性评价模型,通过绘制边际减排成本曲线对典型减碳技术的经济成本及减排潜力进行评估.结果表明,强化低碳情景下,2060年临港新片区一次能源消费中可再生能源占比达69%,电能在终端能源需求中占比达91%;临港新片区可在2030年实现碳达峰,且2060年碳排放量相较基准情景下降94%.就减排贡献度而言,清洁能源替代、产业结构优化和终端能效提升对临港碳减排起到关键作用,中期（至2035年）分别贡献35.1%、27.3%和16.2%的碳减排量,长期（至2060年）分别贡献50.6%、8.75%和7.7%的碳减排量.就具体减碳技术而言,氢能发电、电解水制氢及碳捕获和利用与封存（CCUS）技术对实现净零排放意义重大,但减排成本相对较高.研究成果可为临港及相关地区的低碳绿色发展提供思路和借鉴.     

事故灾难类重大突发事件情景构建概念模型

近期重特大事故灾难频发,表现出我国安全管理水平和应急处置能力依然不足。为引导地区或企业有序地开展应急准备工作,设计了事故灾难类重大突发事件情景构建概念模型,分析了概念模型中的“机会窗”和“准备效益”等重要理念,总结了概念模型在我国当前阶段的重要指导意义。最后,以某化工园区为真实背景,开展了生产安全事故情景构建的原型研究,证明了在事故灾难领域开展情景构建的实际价值。