QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定海洋沉积物中的多氯联苯

采用QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法,建立了海洋沉积物中18种多氯联苯的分析方法.样品加入乙腈及QuEChERS萃取盐振荡提取后,通过PSA和C18净化包进行净化,采用动态多级反应监测模式进行检测.结果表明,18种多氯联苯标准溶液线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 2～0.999 9.对连云港近岸海域表层沉积物样品进行低、中、高3个不同质量分数的加标实验,回收率为70.6％～96.5％,相对标准偏差为6.5％～14.8％,符合质控要求.方法检出限为0.02～0.08 μg/kg,能够满足痕量分析要求.该方法能够避免使用大量溶剂,操作简便、稳定可靠、灵敏度较高,适用于海洋沉积物中多氯联苯的分析检测.     

望虞河西岸九里河中四种除草剂的污染现状

基于气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法结合固相萃取(SPE)前处理技术,建立了水中4种除草剂氯草定、阿特拉津、乙草胺和异丙甲草胺残留的分析方法,于2018年春(4、5月)、秋(9、10月)和冬(1、3月)季对太湖流域望虞河西岸九里河水体中4种除草剂的污染现状进行调查分析。结果表明,4种除草剂的加标回收率为71. 2%～108%,RSD均10%,方法检出限为3. 5～6. 0 ng/L。九里河水体中氯草定、阿特拉津、乙草胺和异丙甲草胺4种除草剂质量浓度分别为未检出～0. 025 7,0. 019 1～1. 19,未检出～0. 026 0和未检出～0. 094 3μg/L。4种除草剂中阿特拉津最高值接近《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)限值,其他3种其值较低,氯草定首次在太湖流域水体中检出。     

宁波市饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时微囊藻毒素的污染分析

通过固相萃取净化,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定水中微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR的方法,并用该方法监测了宁波市两个饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时水体中的微囊藻毒素.监测结果表明,姚江水体中的微囊藻毒素污染水平低,MC-LR和MC-RR没有被检出;梅湖水库水体中MC-RR也未被检出,采取措施后,虽MC-LR有时被检出,但最高时也低于国家标准值(1.0μg/L).     

污水厂生物处理单元工艺状态下曝气性能测定与评价

以上海竹园第二污水处理厂2号生物好氧处理单元为研究对象,采用工艺状态曝气充氧性能测定仪对曝气器性能进行现场测定,通过核算氧利用率、曝气均匀性指数、曝气效率综合影响因子等指标,评价该厂曝气器日常运行状态,分析曝气系统在控制上的不足,并针对性地提出优化方案。结果表明,工艺状态下曝气器氧利用率与清水条件下相比下降19.22%~23.78%,曝气均匀性指数在0.80~1.34的范围内,曝气效率综合影响因子偏低,充分表明2号生物好氧处理单元部分曝气器存在污染或老化的问题。该厂的曝气系统具有较大的优化潜力,性能评价结果可以为曝气器科学管理维护及水厂的运行优化提供指导。     

采用可再生胺法脱除烟气中SO2

为加快可再生胺法脱硫工艺的工业化进程,开发了一套撬装式脱硫再生中试装置,通过SO2连续吸收解吸实验验证装置性能。分别考察吸收剂质量分数、pH、液气比（L/G）、解吸温度、SO2进口含量对吸收和解吸效率的影响,结果表明：随吸收剂质量分数、pH、液气比的增大吸收率升高,而解吸率下降;解吸温度升高,吸收率变化不大,解吸率增速较快;SO2进口浓度增大,吸收率和解吸率迅速降低。确定适宜工艺条件为：吸收剂质量分数30%,pH=6~8,吸收温度30℃,解吸温度（90±5）℃,液气比L/G=5.0 L·m-3。通过微分法导出体积总传质系数KGa的计算公式,并与相关工艺参数进行关联拟合,回归出填料吸收塔KGa经验模型：KGa=0.081（L/G）0.232 0（8.91 w0.107 3pH0.248e-0.32yA-1）。     

倒置A/O工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液过程中关键元素的物料流向

针对无锡市某生活垃圾渗滤液处理厂采用的倒置缺氧好氧（anoxic/oxic,A/O）工艺,分别构建了碳（以化学需氧量计,COD）、氮、磷等关键元素平衡系统。进而,通过对各生物处理单元进出水中碳、氮、磷等主要指标的跟踪监测,研究了系统中关键元素碳、氮和磷物料的流向。在此基础上分析了该垃圾渗滤液处理系统去除碳、氮、磷效率,并提出优化工艺参数策略。结果表明,生物处理单元对碳和氮的有效去除率分别为59.66%和53.60%,通过剩余污泥排出的磷为54.80%。实际工艺操作参数分析表明,可通过降低硝化液回流比和硝化罐溶解氧浓度,进一步提高系统中生物单元对碳、氮和磷的处理效率。     

Evaluation of food chain transfer of the antibiotic oxytetracycline and human risk assessment

There has been recent concern regarding the possibility of antibiotics entering the aquatic food chain and impacting human consumers. This work reports experimental results of the bioconcentration of the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) by the Asian watermeal plant (Wolffia globosa Hartog & Plas) and bioaccumulation of OTC in watermeal and water by the seven-striped carp (Probarbus jullieni). They show, for the first time, the extent to which OTC is able to transfer from water to plant to fish and enter the food chain. The mean bioconcentration factor (dry weight basis) with watermeal was 1.28 × 10³ L kg⁻¹. Separate experiments were undertaken to characterize accumulation of OTC by carp from water and watermeal. These showed the latter pathway to be dominant under the conditions employed. The bioconcentration and biomagnification factors for these processes were 1.75 L kg⁻¹ and 2 × 10⁻⁴ kg g⁻¹ respectively. Using an aqueous concentration range of 0.34–3.0 μg L⁻¹, hazard quotients for human consumption of contaminated fish of 1.3 × 10⁻² to 1.15 × 10⁻¹ were derived.     

Genotypic Differences in Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Plant Growth and Contents of Cadmium and Elements in 14 Cultivars of Bai Cai

Abstract

Fourteen cultivars of bai cai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis) were grown in the nutrient solutions containing 0–0.5 μg mL^?1 of cadmium (Cd) to investigate genotypic differences in the effects of Cd exposure on the plant growth and uptake and distribution of Cd in bai cai plants. The Cd exposure significantly reduced the dry and fresh weights of roots and shoots, the dry weight ratio of shoot/root (S/R), total biomass, and chlorophyll content (SPAD value). Cd concentrations in bai cai ranged from 13.3 to 74.9 μg g^?1 DW in shoots and from 163.1 to 574.7 μg g^?1 DW in roots under Cd exposure, respectively. The considerable genotypic differences of Cd concentrations and accumulations in both shoots and roots were observed among 14 bai cai cultivars. Moreover, Cd mainly accumulated in the roots. Cd also caused the changes of uptake and distribution of nutrients in bai cai and under the influence of cadmium, the concentration of potassium (K) decreased in shoot and increased in root. However, the concentrations of magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), boron (B), and iron (Fe) increased in shoots and decreased in roots. In addition, Cd exposure resulted in an increase in calcium (Ca), sulphur (S), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in both shoots and roots but had no significant effects on the whole uptake of the examined mineral nutrients except for S.     

Influence of dissolved humic substances on the mass transfer of organic compounds across the air-water interface

The effect of dissolved humic substances (DHS) on the rate of water-gas exchange of two volatile organic compounds was studied under various conditions of agitation intensity, solution pH and ionic strength. Mass-transfer coefficients were determined from the rate of depletion of model compounds from an apparatus containing a stirred aqueous solution with continuous purging of the headspace above the solution (dynamic system). Under these conditions, the overall transfer rate is controlled by the mass-transfer resistance on the water side of the water-gas interface. The experimental results show that the presence of DHS hinders the transport of the organic molecules from the water into the gas phase under all investigated conditions. Mass-transfer coefficients were significantly reduced even by low, environmentally relevant concentrations of DHS. The retardation effect increased with increasing DHS concentration. The magnitude of the retardation effect on water-gas exchange was compared for Suwannee River fulvic and humic acids, a commercially available leonardite humic acid and two synthetic surfactants. The observed results are in accordance with the concept of hydrodynamic effects. Surface pressure forces due to surface film formation change the hydrodynamic characteristics of water motion at the water-air interface and thus impede surface renewal.