氨法脱硫工艺物料平衡模型的研究

建立了氨法脱硫工艺的物料衡算模型,描述了物料计算软件的计算框图和开发过程,介绍了计算模型在实际脱硫工程中的应用,表明该模型对工程设计和设备选型具有一定的指导意义。     

累托石/氧化亚铜纳米复合材料的制备及光催化性能研究

以累托石为载体,用液相合成法制备了累托石/纳米氧化亚铜复合材料,采用SEM、XRD对其进行了表征,并以吸附降解亚甲基蓝的效果探讨了复合材料的吸附及光催化性能.结果表明,在最佳条件为:溶液呈碱性,亚甲基蓝初始浓度90 mg/L,复合材料用量1.33 g/L,温度60℃,反应20 mim时复合材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率可达到9...     

TiO_2/NiFe_2O_4磁性纳米光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

先用水热法制备了纳米级NiFe2O4磁核,然后采用均匀沉淀法在NiFe2O4磁核表面包覆TiO2,制备了一种新型磁性纳米光催化剂TiO2/NiFe2O4。通过实验确定了制备TiO2/NiFe2O4的最佳Ti/Ni(摩尔比)为30/1,用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外—可见(UV—Vis)漫反射、热重—差示扫描量热分析(TG—DSC)、磁力学测试等手段对其进行了表征。以甲基橙的水溶液为模拟污染物,评价了TiO2/NiFe2O4的光催化性能,在光照2h后,甲基橙的脱色率可达98.5%。研究结果表明,TiO2/NiFe2O4是一种可重复使用的高效光催化剂。     

Analysis of hazardous material releases due to natural hazards in the United States

Natural hazards were the cause of approximately 16,600 hazardous material (hazmat) releases reported to the National Response Center (NRC) between 1990 and 2008-three per cent of all reported hazmat releases. Rain-induced releases were most numerous (26 per cent of the total), followed by those associated with hurricanes (20 per cent), many of which resulted from major episodes in 2005 and 2008. Winds, storms or other weather-related phenomena were responsible for another 25 per cent of hazmat releases. Large releases were most frequently due to major natural disasters. For instance, hurricane-induced releases of petroleum from storage tanks account for a large fraction of the total volume of petroleum released during 'natechs' (understood here as a natural hazard and the hazardous materials release that results). Among the most commonly released chemicals were nitrogen oxides, benzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Three deaths, 52 injuries, and the evacuation of at least 5,000 persons were recorded as a consequence of natech events. Overall, results suggest that the number of natechs increased over the study period (1990-2008) with potential for serious human and environmental impacts.     

新型填料特性及其在生物脱硫中的应用

为解决生物脱硫反应器酸化问题,研制出一种具有pH缓冲能力的生物填料。填料主要由碳酸钙﹑纯丙乳液和羟丙基纤维素制得。填料在水中浸泡6个月不会分解,吸水率大于20%。考察填料pH缓冲能力,结果表明,填料能将pH=5.0水溶液调节至pH=6.5以上。选取缓冲能力较稳定的BT50填料填充于反应器,以排硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thio-parus)挂膜,5个循环后反应器有效体积内的最大固定化菌体数量约为5.86×108cells/mL,并且硫代硫酸钠的消耗速率基本稳定,表明该填料可用于生物挂膜。在长达50 d脱硫实验中,H2S脱除率均在95%以上,整个脱硫阶段不再加入任何pH调节剂,反应器内pH仍能维持在6.7～7.1之间。     

高效苯降解菌的筛选鉴定及其在生物过滤塔处理苯的填料选择

从污水处理厂曝气池的活性污泥筛选出1株苯的高效降解真菌HD-3,经形态特征、ITS基因序列系统学分析,确定HD-3为杂色曲霉Aspergillus versicolor,该菌株8 d内对初始浓度439.3 mg/L和4 393 mg/L的苯的降解率分别为78.56%和33.96%。当苯的初始浓度为439.3 mg/L,HD-3降解苯的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为4.5。在此基础上,提出了采用不同填料生物过滤塔处理苯废气的工艺,并进行了实验研究,实验结果表明:(1)随着苯的浓度提高,苯的降解率逐渐降低。当苯的浓度为200 mg/m3时,煤质柱状活性炭生物过滤塔、生物陶粒生物过滤塔、竹材生物过滤塔的苯平均去除率(REave)分别为93.63%、93.16%和82.38%;当苯的进口浓度增加到3 000 mg/m3时,3种生物过滤塔的苯平均去除率(REave)分别为78.89%、68.43%和51.87%。(2)不同填料对苯的去除能力不同,煤质柱状活性炭>生物陶粒>竹材。     

中国经济增长与物质消耗关系的实证研究

本文运用广义最小平方法和处理面板数据的固定影响模型,利用我国各省市1995-2009年物质消耗指数、人均GDP和人均固定资产投资等跨部门的时间序列数据,分析经济增长与物质消耗的关系。其主要结论如下:经济增长与物质消耗呈现正向关系,没有表现出明显的去物质化。固定资产投资对物质消耗趋势在统计上具有很好的解释力。固定效应模型下的广义最小二乘法对于处理跨部门的时间序列数据有明显的效果,固定效应模型的省际差异项有效地刻画了物质消耗与经济增长相关关系的省级差异。我国目前仍处于有形资产的积累阶段,为了达到发达国家的固定资产积累水平,必要的基础设施建设不能缺少。产业结构的差异会影响物质消耗与经济增长的关系强度,第一产业相对于第二产业需要更多的物质消耗。经济发展水平同样会影响物质消耗与经济增长的关系强度,发达地区相对于欠发达地区需要的物质消耗更少。     

On "China-measures related to the exportation of various raw materials" case in terms of DSB's interpretations

The Appellate Body report in January 2012 had supported the decision of Panel in the"China-measures related to the exportation of various raw materials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)and affirmed that China's restrictions(such as tariffs and quota measures)on the exportation of raw materials violated rules put forth by the WTO,which were required to be modified.In this case China's right to invoke Article 20 of GATT1994("general exception")to justify its exemption from the guidelines in Article 11.3 of the WTO Accession Protocol was denied by the Panel and the Appellate Body.This was due to the fact that the phrasing in Article 11.3 of Protocol failed to mention"GATT."This was the consequence of the two interpretation approaches the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB)adopted-a narrow textual interpretation and a subjective presumption of"legislative silence."The inappropriate use of the two methods of interpretation lead to an imbalance between the right and obligation of China under the additional obligations that were imposed upon China by the WTO,which create a negative impact on China's rare earth case and the protection of domestic natural resources.     

Exergy efficiency analysis of a refurbished dwelling: a case study in Ljubljana,Slovenia

Buildings contribute almost half of the world's carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Energy and water consumption are some of the largest and fastest growing pressures on the global environment. The use of energy is mainly attributed to the heating and cooling of buildings. The type of materials used in the construction of buildings plays a significant role in the life-cycle emissions of each dwelling. Changing the material use in the construction of an existing building and adding insulation could have a major impact on energy use and the environment of the building in its entire life cycle. This paper investigates the amount of exergy savings and the decrease in CO₂ emissions resulting from the refurbishing of an existing building in Ljubljana. This study results from the growing awareness that in the choice of building materials, the designer must consider not only the requirements of the owner and occupier of the building, but also the resulting energy savings, the resource base and the effects of the manufacturing and processing of building materials on the environment. The exergy efficiency of the material use is calculated and the environmental impact assessment of energy and material use is accounted for.     

Eco-material selection using fuzzy TOPSIS method

In the classical multiple attribute decision-making or MADM methods, the ratings and the weights of the criteria are known precisely. However, in eco-material selection exercises, the available data are typically inadequate because of the selection dual quantitative and qualitative natures. Some of the qualitative selection criteria can be rated in several classes rather being expressed by exact numerical values; hence the application of fuzzy concepts in decision-making seems attractive to deal with such kind of ratings. Thusly, the presented study attempts to propose an eco-material selection approach specific to the automobile body panels using a fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), to incorporate both numerical and rating-based criteria into one holistic sustainability model. TOPSIS and fuzzy logic can aid the material selection process in translating the design goals and parameters into usable numbers that in turn can be used to rank candidate materials in their closeness to the ideal solution. An additional uniqueness of this study stems from using the fuzzy-TOPSIS as a scoring tool without any assigned weights for the different selection attributes, in order to avoid the bias that is typically associated with other classical MADM, such as quality function deployment, analytical hierarchy process and digital logic.