室内空气中挥发性有机物污染研究现状

随着经济的发展和人们生活水平品质的提高,室内空气污染逐渐成为人们关心的环境问题之一。文章在查阅了大量文献及结合作者工作的基础上,介绍了室内空气中挥发性有机物污染水平研究现状,采样分析方法和治理技术的进展情况。     

水质自动监测系统维护及管理工作谈

通过对辽河珠尔山家水质自动监测站日常维护工作经验的积累,针对铁岭地区水质长年变化的规律,形成一套水质自动监测系统操作和维护办法,为以后开展水质自动监测工作提供依据。     

Critical flow-storm approach to total maximum daily load(TMDL) development: an analytical conceptual model

One of the key challenges in the total maximum daily load (TMDL) development process is how to define the critical condition for a receiving waterbody. The main concern in using a continuous simulation approach is the absence of any guarantee that the most critical condition will be captured during the selected representative hydrologic period, given the scarcity of long-term continuous data. The objectives of this paper are to clearly address the critical condition in the TMDL development process and to compare continuous and event-based approaches in defining critical condition during TMDL development for a waterbody impacted by both point and nonpoint source pollution. A practical, event-based critical flow-storm (CFS) approach was developed to explicitly addresses the critical condition as a combination of a low stream flow and a storm event of a selected magnitude, both having certain frequencies of occurrence. This paper illustrated the CFS concept and provided its theoretical basis using a derived analytical conceptual model. The CFS approach clearly defined a critical condition, obtained reasonable results and could be considered as an alternative method in TMDL development.     

High individual variation in pheromone production by tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Aggregation via pheromone signalling is essential for tree-killing bark beetles to overcome tree defenses and reproduce within hosts. Pheromone production is a trait that is linked to fitness, so high individual variation is paradoxical. One explanation is that the technique of measuring static pheromone pools overestimates true variation among individuals. An alternative hypothesis is that aggregation behaviour dilutes the contribution of individuals to the trait under selection and reduces the efficacy of natural selection on pheromone production by individuals. We compared pheromone measurements from traditional hindgut extractions of female southern pine beetles with those obtained by aerating individuals till they died. Aerations showed greater total pheromone production than hindgut extractions, but coefficients of variation (CV) remained high (60-182%) regardless of collection technique. This leaves the puzzle of high variation unresolved. A novel but simple explanation emerges from considering bark beetle aggregation behaviour. The phenotype visible to natural selection is the collective pheromone plume from hundreds of colonisers. The influence of a single beetle on this plume is enhanced by high variation among individuals but constrained by large group sizes. We estimated the average contribution of an individual to the pheromone plume across a range of aggregation sizes and showed that large aggregation sizes typical in mass attacks limit the potential of natural selection because each individual has so little effect on the overall plume. Genetic variation in pheromone production could accumulate via mutation and recombination, despite strong effects of the pheromone plume on the fitness of individuals within the aggregation. Thus, aggregation behaviour, by limiting the efficacy of natural selection, can allow the persistence of extreme phenotypes in nature.     

北京市民居室内气态多环芳烃呼吸暴露评价

采用被动采样装置采集并测定北京地区38个家庭采暖期和非采暖期室内空气中的7种气态多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量.结果表明,室内气态PAHs以2、3环组分为主,7种气态PAHs的总平均浓度为100 ng/m3左右.根据实测的PAHs浓度、不同年龄段人群室内平均停留时间及其相应的呼吸速率,计算得到室内成年人(包括老人)对7种气态PAHs的潜在总暴露速率在采暖期和非采暖期分别为66 ng/h和58 ng/h;而未成年人的潜在总暴露速率则分别为56 ng/h和50 ng/h.     

厦门市秋冬季节大气汞污染调查

文章采用两次金汞齐一冷原子荧光光谱法对厦门地区秋冬季节大气汞的污染状况作了初步调查分析,结果表明厦门地区大气中汞的浓度平均为11．037ng／m^3,其含量高于北半球大气气态总汞含量的背景值（1．5-2．0ng／m^3）,表明该地区已受到一定程度的大气汞污染;在一定的采样区域,大气汞浓度与温度、太阳辐射量、大气压、空气湿度成正相关,与风速成负相关;气态汞的含量在80％左右,这与该地区的人为活动多有关,与其他地区报道的类似区域情况的汞污染状况相符;工业区,学校实验室周边区域,生产过程中以汞为原料的工厂等附近区域,大气中汞的含量较高,开阔区域的海边含量较低,交通繁忙区域最低（所选采样点与交通要道有一定的距离）,这种浓度分布说明了大气中汞的存在具有区域性特征。     

胶州湾环境演变与治理研究

调研了胶州湾近几十年的环境变化,结果主要是水域面积缩小、海岸线变迁、生物资源衰退、水体营养盐结构改变、环境质量下降等.胶州湾的环境现状调查相对滞后或局限于胶州湾的局部区域和个别项目,而不能满足社会经济发展的需要,鉴于胶州湾跨海大桥及海底隧道等大型建设项目的开工建设,亟需对胶州湾整体环境质量进行一次全面的综合调查,从而对近期的胶州湾环境有一个全面的掌握,为环胶州湾经济带的发展提供参考和依据.     

内蒙古河套灌区地下水矿化度的时空变异特征

利用内蒙古河套灌区义长灌域地下水水位、水质资料（1996-2005）,结合地理信息系统（G IS）技术,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法研究灌域10年间地下水矿化度时空变异性。结果表明：1.灌域内地下水矿化度在1996-2005年间呈下降趋势（从1996年的8.5 g/L下降到2005年的约5.3 g/L）,且变异系数不大;2.地下水矿化度的变化受降水、蒸发、地下水位和引黄水量等多种因素的影响,蒸发与地下水矿化度达到极显著相关;3.1996年和2005年两个时期的地下水矿化度的实际变异函数和理论变异函数（球状模型）拟合较好,F检验达到显著水平。Kriging差值结果显示,两个时期矿化度的空间分布差异不甚明显。     

太湖不同湖区轮虫群落结构季节变化的比较研究

2006年7月～2007年6月对太湖不同湖区(河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾)轮虫的季节变化进行了比较研究.整个研究期间,河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾轮虫种类数分别为23、15、14和21;河口区轮虫的年平均密度最高,为475个·L-1,梅梁湾最低,为164个·L-1,太湖湖心区为189个·L1-,贡湖湾为338个·L-1.4个湖区优势种不同,河口区轮虫优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(B.cdyciflorus),梅梁湾为角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis),太湖湖心区和贡湖湾优势种都是针簇多肢轮虫(P.trigla).食物的不同以及大型浮游甲壳动物的抑制作用,可能是太湖4个湖区轮虫群落结构不同的重要原因.相关分析表明,轮虫数量与枝角类数量、枝角类生物量和桡足类生物量极显著负相关;轮虫数量与透明度显著正相关.结果表明,太湖4个不同湖区轮虫群落结构不同.     

太湖CDOM紫外吸收特性及其分子量时空分布特征

基于2006年8月16日、2007年3月28日对太湖梅梁湾15个样点和2007年11~12月对全湖61个样点的有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数观测数据,对CDOM分子量相对大小的时空差异及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,梅梁湾地区主要富集的是高分子量CDOM,而大太湖地区则较为复杂,北部地区主要是高分子量的CDOM占据主导地位;而在太湖东西部,主要是低分子量的CDOM;南太湖区域,高分子量的CDOM和低分子量的CDOM相对平衡.不同波长范围内CDOM吸收模型的斜率系数(S)值对CDOM的分子组成的敏感性具有一定的差异性,UVR最为敏感,其次是UV-A,再次为UV-B,UV-C最不敏感.梅梁湾CDOM主要影响因素是陆源,陆源影响的强度随季节的变化具有一定的差异,其中8月份最强,其次是3月份,最弱为11月份.