煤基胶体特征及其在多孔介质中的运移行为

采集了长焰煤粉并提取其中的胶体,用激光粒度仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和Zeta电位仪对煤基胶体的特征进行了定性和定量表征,研究了煤基胶体在石英砂的多孔介质柱中的运移特征及p H值、阳离子等环境因子的影响。结果表明,该方法提取煤基胶体的实测粒径与理论计算粒径基本吻合,煤基胶体表面具有丰富的褶皱和极其丰富的孔隙结构并呈片状,煤基胶体的化学组成以芳香烃为主,在试验范围内,煤基胶体的Zeta电位在-34.0~-21.2 e V,随p H值升高而下降。溶液p H=7时,煤基胶体在多孔介质中的运移能力最强,c/c0为0.664,增加p H值或降低p H值,运移能力下降。Ca离子对煤基在多孔介质中的运移具有明显的抑制作用,当离子强度IS(Ca Cl2)由0.001 mmol/L增加到0.1 mmol/L时,胶体悬液c/c0从0.569降至0.129。     

Syntrophic co-culture of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia for degradation of kraft lignin discharged from rayon grade pulp industry

In order to search the degradability of kraft lignin, the potential bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) were isolated, screened and applied in axenic and co-culture conditions. Results revealed that mixed culture showed better decolorization efficiency (80%) and reduction of pollution parameters (COD 73% and BOD 62%) than axenic culture. This indicated syntrophic growth of these two bacteria rather than any antagonistic effect. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of kraft lignin has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control, suggesting that decrease in color intensity might be largely attributed to the degradation of lignin by isolated bacteria. Further, the GC–MS analysis showed that most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized kraft lignin for environmental safety. All these observations have revealed that the developed bacterial co-culture was capable for the effective degradation and decolorization of lignin containing rayon grade pulp mill wastewater for environmental safety.     

煤矸石-土壤混合基质对小白菜生长的影响及Pb迁移规律

盆栽试验研究了施用不同量煤矸石(0%、13%、26%、40%、53%)对贫瘠土壤改良的效果和对小白菜生长品质的影响。结果表明:(1)混合基质中Pb的迁移能力较差,小白菜中Pb积累量与植物体生物量具有正相关关系;(2)小白菜的发芽率、根系长度、地面以上株高和生物量等均在煤矸石施入比例为26%时达到最佳,发芽率、地面以上株高和干重分别增加23%、23.05%和20.62%;施入煤矸石超过40%时将导致各项指标有所下降;(3)采用单因子污染指数法进行食品质量评价,加入煤矸石量分别为0%、13%和26%时,产品污染指数分别为0.69、0.79和0.93,属于清洁水平;而加入煤矸石量为40%和53%时,污染指数分别为1.12(轻污染水平)和1.38(轻污染水平)。煤矸石可增加植物生长过程所需营养物质而作为贫瘠土壤的改良剂,实现煤矸石资源化并改善矿区生态环境。     

光透法定量两相流中流体饱和度的模型及其应用

基于光透法定量流体饱和度的原理及其在两相流中的应用,设计了两组密封砂箱实验来研究气体或重非水相流体(DNAPL)在饱和孔隙介质中的迁移,观察了气体或DNAPL在孔隙介质中的迁移规律,应用并验证了2个水/气两相流中的光强-饱和度(LIS)模型,特别是建立并应用了适用于NAPL/水两相流系统的2个新LIS模型.结果表明,气体以不规则的"指状"通道向上迁移直到在砂箱顶部聚集,最终形成连续的气体分布;TCE由于自身重力的影响向下迁移直至砂箱底部,最终在砂箱中形成不规则的污染羽并在砂箱底部形成污染池.利用实验结果应用并验证4个光透法模型得到:2个水/气系统中LIS模型(WG-A和WG-B)整体适用于本实验数据;2个NAPL/水系统的LIS模型(NW-A和NW-B)得到与实测资料较吻合的结果,其中基于单个孔隙水驱替假设的模型NW-A与实验结果更加接近,对量化多孔介质中的NAPL/水系统各相饱和度具有一定的参考意义.     

Anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters

Anaerobic processes are widely used for treatment of organic wastes. Fixed-film anaerobic processes are capable of handling high organic loads due to higher biomass concentration in the form of biofilms. Anaerobic biofilm reactor startup is greatly influenced by environmental, cellular and surface factors, and is often hindered by low growth rates of anaerobes and their strict environmental requirements. However, these obstacles can be overcome by applying appropriate startup strategies.     

Performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature

A bench-scale experimental study was carried out to investigate the overall performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for treating pre-settled municipal wastewater at ambient temperature (18–28°C) in terms of substrate removal efficiencies, biogas, methane production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and effluent suspended solids (SS) concentration, etc. The tested reactor was a modified anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). The second and third compartments were partly packed with supporting media. The experimental results were similar to, or compared favourably with, other anaerobic reactor systems for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature and proved the technical feasibility of this compartmentalised reactor. Considering its simple structure and operation, it could be considered a potential reactor system for treating municipal and domestic wastewaters in tropical and sub-tropical areas of developing countries.     

AN EXAMINATION OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY RELATIONS FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA1

ABSTRACT: A key parameter in modeling two-phase flow phenomena is relative permeability. It is important to understand which variables influence relative permeability, especially since so few measurements of relative permeability have been made for typical contaminants at hazardous waste sites. This paper focuses on the effect of five variables on relative permeability: intrinsic permeability, pore-size distribution, viscosity ratio, interfacial tension, and wettability, by critically reviewing previously published relative permeability experiments. The wide variability in the functional relationship between relative permeability and saturation should be considered in attempts to model two-phase flow.     

ADVANCES IN THE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD IN SUBSURFACE FLOW1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores some of the advances of the boundary element method, as applied to ground-water problems, during the last five years. Although the method is still somewhat limited compared to solution by finite elements, the range of solutions has increased considerably. Diffusion and advection-diffusion solutions are done efficiently. These include the incorporation of inhomogeneity, anisotropy, and nonlinear diffusion. The difficult problem of stream-aquifer interaction is an important application as it is much easier to follow a free surface with its multiple configurations. The application must be able to cycle between ground-water connection and disconnection with the stream and include seepage surfaces. Flow in fractured media is a natural application where the flow in fractures can usually be treated without a computational exception in spite of extremely high aspect ratios. The case of seawater intrusion forms a type of free surface problem and thus is a case for which the method has special advantages. For these and other applications the boundary element method provides an inexpensive technique for calculation where the data preparation and setup time is minimal. In most of these cases, programs can and have been written on microcomputers.     

Saturated and Unsaturated Water Flow in Inclined Porous Media

This paper considers the two-dimensional saturated and unsaturated flow of water through inclined porous media, namely a waste dump or hill slope. Since the partial differential equation governing this water flow transforms from being parabolic to elliptic as the water flow varies from unsaturated to saturated, an iterative, finite differencing scheme is used to develop a numerical solution. The model can be used to investigate the effects that hill slope angle, depth of soil cover and hilltop width have on water accumulation in the dump and the time required for saturation to occur at different areas in the dump domain. The accuracy and reliability of the computer based solution is tested for two different boundary conditions – (1) no flow on all boundaries (i.e., the internal redistribution of soil moisture to steady state) and (2) a constant rainfall flux on the dump surface. Numerical studies then show the effects of changing the hill slope angle, depth of layer, and dump geometry on the flow characteristics in the dump.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A FRACTURED MEDIUM FLOW MODEL FOR A WASTE SITE1

ABSTRACT: A three‐dimensional fractured medium flow model was developed for the Bear Creek Valley (BCV) S‐3 site of the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) using SWIFT III. The numerical modeling for this site focused on a conceptual model established through the analysis of heterogeneous geologic units and matrix fracture properties of the subsurface in the BCV area. The SWIFT III modeling analysis was based on the previous modeling studies that used MODFLOW and MODPATH. A rigorous calibration was obtained first by comparing simulated results with the existing data on ground water levels and then by comparing pumping test results with the simulated ground water levels. A satisfactory agreement between observed and simulated results was obtained. The calibrated model was used to determine sustained yield from a ground water interceptor trench. Different withdrawal rates were used to simulate the performance of the trench for the sustained withdrawal of ground water.