Insight into the interaction between trimethoprim and soluble microbial products produced from biological wastewater treatment processes

Soluble microbial products (SMPs),dissolved organic matter excreted by activated sludge,can interact with antibiotics in wastewater and natural water bodies.Interactions between SMPs and antibiotics can influence antibiotic migration,transformation,and toxicity but the mechanisms involved in such interactions are not fully understood.In this study,integrated spectroscopy approaches were used to investigate the mechanisms involved in interactions between SMPs and a representative antibiotic,trime...     

Edge-Related Variation in Medicinal and Other "Useful" Wild Plants of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

Abstract:  Harvesting of wild plants for nontimber uses is widespread in the tropics, but its impact is usually quantified only for one or a few species at a time. Thus, forest managers are never clear about how well their efforts are protecting such plants. We quantified abundance and edge-related variation in 91 species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by communities around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, to evaluate the effect of their harvest. Forty percent of these species were harvested exclusively for medicines, 22% for weaving, and 24% for other uses. Fourteen percent were harvested for combinations of uses. Plants were surveyed around the entire periphery of the park transects that extended out 1 km into the forest interior from the edge. Analyses of edge and interior distribution were controlled for effects of topography. Individually, nine (10%) species were very rare, occurring in <0.5% of the plots searched. Of the remaining 82 species, most (50%) decreased significantly away from the park boundary, whereas 4.9% increased and 45.1% showed no pronounced edge-related distributions. Rarer species were no more likely to be less abundant near the edge than commoner species. These results suggest that most plants used for nontimber purposes in BINP are not currently being harvested unsustainably. In this respect many of the species of useful wild plants we examined resembled animals commonly hunted in tropical forests for bushmeat because they increased in abundance in disturbed habitat. Conservation action should initially aim to understand what influences distributions of very rare species. Edge-based assessments of distributions may be valuable for revealing harvest impact on species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by people living around forest islands in the tropics.     

生物过滤塔中微生物群落的代谢特性

了解微生物群落结构与代谢功能对于提高生物反应器运行性能具有重要意义.为此,本研究用Biolog方法在160d的运行过程中研究了处理甲苯气体的木屑生物过滤塔和活性炭生物过滤塔中微生物群落的代谢特性.研究发现,木屑过滤塔和活性炭过滤塔中微生物群落的平均代谢活性在长期运行时均有下降趋势.主成分分析结果表明,生物过滤塔中微生物群落代谢指纹在运行前期未发生显著变化,但103d后在过滤塔进气端出现显著变化,到160d时整个过滤塔内的微生物群落代谢指纹均发生改变.2套过滤塔中微生物群落代谢活性与代谢特征指纹未表现出较大差异,表明长期运行时填料对微生物代谢的影响较小.在Biolog平板内的95种碳源中,羧酸类物质和氨基酸类物质更容易被过滤塔中的微生物群落利用.     

硫铁矿烧渣湿法制备铁系产品的原理和途径分析

本文叙述了硫铁矿烧渣的化学成分和物相 ,以及酸浸还原烧渣提取铁的基本原理。论述了硫铁矿烧渣湿法制备铁盐 ,铁氧化物颜料 ,铁基磁粉以及铁粉等铁系产品的原理 ,并对铁系产品的途径进行了分析。     

Determination and occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds,pharmaceuticals and personal care products in fish (Morone saxatilis)

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have attracted much attention due to widespread contamination in aquatic environment. In this study, we determined 13 EDCs and PPCPs in fish blood, bile and muscle by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were in the ranges of 0.23–2.54, 0.22–2.36 ng·mL⁻¹, and 0.24–2.57 ng·g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) for fish blood, bile and muscle, respectively. Recoveries of target compounds spiked into sample matrices and passed through the entire analytical procedure ranged from 65% to 95%, from 60% to 92% and from 62% to 91% for blood, bile and muscle, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of fish from a lake in California. Target compounds were relatively low in bile, and only bisphenol A (BPA) and diclofenac were measurable near the LOQ. Seven of 13 compounds were detected in blood, with total concentrations up to 39 ng·mL⁻¹. Only BPA was frequently found in muscle, with mean concentration of 7.26 ng·g⁻¹ dw. The estimated daily intake of BPA through fish consumption for U.S. resident was significantly lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. This study showed that the exposure to the bisphenol A from fish diet is unlikely to pose a health risk.     

抗菌消费品中纳米银含量调查及银的健康风险评价

纳米银(Ag NP)因具有良好的抗菌特性被广泛应用于日常消费品中,人体主要通过皮肤接触或口服等方式暴露于Ag NP。为了评价这些抗菌消费品中银对成人的非致癌暴露风险,对市面10种日常抗菌消费品中Ag NP和总银含量进行了调查,并采用美国环保局推荐的皮肤和口部暴露途径的健康风险评估模型来评价含银抗菌消费品引起的皮肤及口部非致癌暴露风险。调查结果表明:4种液态抗菌消费品中检测出Ag NP,含量为0.79~57.89 mg·L~(-1),占其总银含量的8.8%~99.1%。其他厂家标注含有Ag NP的抗菌消费品中则未检测出Ag NP。风险评价结果显示,大多数抗菌消费品的银风险熵为3.6×10-4~6.8×10-1,其中经皮肤暴露的银非致癌风险熵为1.0×10-3~6.8×10-1,经口暴露的银风险熵为3.6×10-4~6.0×10-3,对人体健康不会产生显著风险;然而,其中1种抗菌消费品中银的风险熵上限为0.86,接近于1,存在潜在的非致癌风险。     

PSE-UPLC-MS/MS法测定污泥中9种药物与个人护理品

利用加压溶剂萃取法(PSE)提取、固相萃取法净化并结合超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)检测,建立了污水处理厂污泥中7个药剂类别的9种药物与个人护理品(舒必利、咖啡因、美托洛尔、氯霉素、萘啶酸、卡马西平、驱蚊胺、氯贝酸、苯扎贝特)的分析检测方法.在萃取方法中,对加压溶剂萃取的污泥质量和溶剂进行了优化;在净化方法中,对固相萃取柱种类、固相萃取柱容量、洗脱溶剂和洗脱量进行了优选.结果表明,方法检出限(以干质量计,下同)在2.7～65.0 pg/g范围内,加标回收率在67.0%～130%之间,相对标准偏差均小于25%(即标准偏差小于25 μg/L).应用所建立的分析方法,对北京某污水处理厂的脱水污泥进行了测定,9种目标物质含量为nd(未检出)～50.5 ng/g,其中,舒必利、咖啡因、卡马西平、驱蚊胺和氯贝酸在2010年春、夏季2次采样均有检出.      

脉冲放电脱硫产物的收集

实验结果表明利用给反应器加直流基压收集脱硫产物是可行的．产物收集效率随直流基压和停留时间的增加而增加,在本实验条件下,最高收集效率达到９５．１％ ．加直流基压后,脉冲电压、电流波形基本不变,放电增强,脱硫效果提高．加直流基压可使反应器在脱硫的同时有效收集产物．     

Ecological network and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems: Model development,and a case study of four Chinese cities

Analysis of the structure and function of urban metabolic systems is an important goal of urban research. We used network pathways and network utility analysis to analyze the basic network structure of the urban metabolic system and the complex ecological relationships within the system, providing a new way to perform such research. Using four Chinese cities as examples, we developed an ecological network model of the urban metabolic system. By using network pathway analysis, we studied the changing relationships between metabolic length and the number of metabolic pathways, and between metabolic length and reachability. Based on the distribution of the number of metabolic pathways, we describe the basic structure and intercompartment relationships of the system. By using the sign distribution in the network utility matrix, we determined the ecological relationships and degree of mutualism between the compartments of the system. The basic components of the system consisted of the internal environment, the external environment, and the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors. With increasing metabolic length, the ecological relationships among the components of the system became more diverse, and the numbers of metabolic paths and their reachability improved. Although the basic network structure of the four cities was identical, the mutualism index differed. Beijing's mutualism index was superior to that of Shanghai, and much higher than those of Tianjin and Chongqing. By analyzing the structure and function of the urban metabolic system, we provide suggestions for optimizing the structure and adjusting the relationships, and propose methods for the application of ecological network analysis in future urban system research.     

Metals in the indoor environment

There is a growing recognition that individual exposures to a broad spectrum of metal, inorganic and organic pollutants exceed those from ambient and in some cases from the vicinity of industry environments. The agents often found in indoor environments are mostly known to be hazardous in high concentrations, but the lower limit of their dose response relationships are poorly defined.

The major sources of metals in indoor environments are cigarette smoke (mainstream and side stream), fuel combustion, house dust and consumer products with arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel being of primary toxicological potential (i.e. carcinogenic, genotoxic and reproductive development). Aspects of levels and duration of human exposure to these elements in relation to existing body burdens and subsequent bioavailability and interactions are generally poorly known from inhalation sources.

Although the magnitude of indoor health hazards to metallic constituents is not now known, mounting evidence suggests that both identification of agents and the measurement of indoor exposures are critical for a more realistic assessment of the effect of this aspect of air pollution on human health.